Voz 125

0:02

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Hello, hello, hello. No, I think that's it, because it's like the name. Hello. Okay. Today we will see the five dichotomies concerning structuralism. Last class we saw on the surface something about that we evaluated again. We will see them in more detail later, as I said, when we study unit number two. This topic...

1:17

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

is easier. So it's a matter of just studying this systematically. Maybe I said last week, I have the five dichotomies. And you have to study five dichotomies, lang and parole, signifier, signified, signification and value. These are particularly problematic, but they are easy if you really organize your concepts in your mind, okay? And you can write an answer about this. This is maybe the moral. Then we have syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships, and the diachronic and synchronic.

2:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

language studies. Remember that Saussure is considered to be the founder of modern linguistics because of his shift from the diachronic perspective. Many languages before him had been focused on the evolution of language. It had a historical perspective. He proposed to study language synchronically.

2:34

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

not linguistic science. So the key concept here is the linguistic sign and its value and signification. Here in the index, you can see that this is where you have to organize this. The linguistic sign signified and for reference, you have here the page numbers from the text so that you read those pages and you add all the information you can.

3:06

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

When you talk about the linguistic sign, you have the two aspects, signifier and signified, and you have the two principles, arbitrariness and linearity. Then I will repeat that again, don't worry about this now, but the linguistic sign has two aspects and two principles. So you have to be careful in the exam, because the question may be about the two aspects or size or dimensions, that is a signifier and signified, but the two principles.

3:35

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

We will see that in a second. The two principles are RNS, reconventionality together, linearity. The problem with this is that everything is made of binary oppositions. So many times you have a question, what are the two? And I always say, to see what the question is about. We will study signification and value, pages for that. And something that is not in your, and is always tested in the first term test.

4:15

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

is the cross-linguistic differences concerning value at the level of phonology, grammar, and lexis. We will see, for example, the opposition between they and la. And we see that they has a broader value because it is singular, plural, feminine, and masculine. Rather than broader, it encompasses a broader, it has a broader scope. It's very simple. But the important point is to know examples at the level of phonology, at the level of grammar.

4:46

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

and then at the level of lexis, to have examples and to know how to explain them. This is always tested. I remember in the makeup test last year, I said to students, they will evaluate.

5:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

articles because they usually evaluate articles. De hecho, en la clase hicieron esa pregunta, Luis. Sí, es que lo toman siempre. Y si no toman articles, the second person pronoun. The difference between you y vos. And you know that you is broader wide, we would say that. It is singular, it is plural, it is formal, it is less formal because it encompasses all the meanings of tú, usted.

5:29

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Vos, ustedes, vosotros. So it's very simple. We'll see that in a second and we'll see how to explain that. Yeah, you know, Cairo, the subject has not changed at all. That's why it's highly predictable. If you trust me, or if you, even if you don't trust me, you see what they do in class. That is what they evaluate. I said before the makeup test.

5:57

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

the definite article and then it was a definite article and then it was related to linguistic relativity the following topic the answer was not complex the problem is that sometimes you get lost in the texts and you want to know all the questions in class and the ones that are projected are the ones that you really have to practice answering

6:35

S… Speaker 3 (Voz 125)

Because Su is brother because Su is singular, plural, second person, Su casa, la casa de él. Puede ser tu casa, la casa de él, la casa de ellos. It can be feminine, masculine. Yes, it can be any, in fact, any. We will see tenses today. The simple past versus pretérito perfecto. And you will see that the simple past is brother because the simple past can be amada, amada.

7:13

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

the inflective forms in Spanish. Yes, it can be any. The point of floor is that they usually evaluate one related to gender, then it will explain why. That's why they evaluate articles, because of this notion that the articles in English are not inflective for gender. But in Spanish they are.

7:43

S… Speaker 3 (Voz 125)

una, when it is indefinite, and we say la, lo, el. Why? Because then they relate this topic to the following text, that is, linguistic relativity, differences between languages. They usually, and then they evaluate the second person, because it has to do with differences in formality, you know, to give us, okay, first we study the value, which is broader.

8:11

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

And then we'll see how the principle linguistic relativity, don't worry about that, explains that. And they always do the same. They always relate value, cross-linguistic value, with the following term. Always. That's why they focus on that. Syntagmatic and validigmatic relationships at the level of phonology, morphology, or syntax. This is also frequently evaluated, and it's very simple. And then we have the chronic and synchronic studies. This is a roadmap.

8:49

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

for this section. If we start with a line and parole, the question can be which are the two aspects, the two sides, the two dimensions related to language. As you have the number two related to language, many people write automatically signifier and signified fail. Here are the two aspects of the linguistic sign, the two aspects of language and the use of the system. In separating language, the linguistic system learn from speaking, from the use of the system.

9:32

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

by individual members of a community parole, we are at the same time separating what is social, shared by the members of each community, from what is individual. That is the first differentiation. Lang, social, parole, individual. What is essential from what is accessory. Without lang, there can be no parole. That's why lang is essential. That means that...

10:00

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

speakers of a given community may stop using the system, may start using the system. Language is a product that is passively assimilated. You know, children, you learn Spanish, possibly, but whenever you use Spanish, that is an act that is willful, you decide to speak, and it takes determination. Passively assimilated, but individually, it never requires premeditation.

10:31

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Speaking, in contrast, is an individual act. It is willful, intellectual. Well, this one, lang is homogeneous, parole is heterogeneous. I don't know if there is any controversial point this year, because last year with Anglada, she did not agree with that, so it was a problem, because not a problem. I said, okay, if you have Anglada, what did she say about this? Did this point come up or not? Did they mention any...

11:00

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Because, you know, some of them said, no, it is not completely homogeneous because there are different varieties. Nope. Well, don't worry. So if they did not, it was always Anglera and Anglais because we retired. But if you were her students, you had to say, well, you had to know that she did not completely agree with this. So people, the two aspect sides of the dimension of language are line and broad. And they have five differences. You have to learn. They differ.

11:35

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

And you typically have a question for you to think, to ponder over. The question in one final exam is, what are the two sides or dimensions or aspects of language? How do they differ? And then it was, how do they relate to each other? Differences are obvious. What would you say? How do they relate to each other? Because the answer is never given a class. Nothing comes to a moment. Any guess? I mean, is it not related to the fact that parole wouldn't exist?

12:14

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

The thing you mentioned earlier, the old brain exists, if language even exists. Yeah, and also that both make up the linguistic system. The linguistic system is not just the system, but the use of it. You know, you cannot separate them. They both do exist. There is a connection that then we will find how to express that. The relationship is that both.

12:37

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

are the two aspects of language. So both make up what? Language. The system of science and the use of that system of science. That's why they're called the two aspects dimension. You know, in the exam, you typically have those questions that can be kind of confusing, but they're not so, so important maybe as the...

12:58

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

distractor, the two sides, dimensions, aspects of language. Many people in that term test wrote signifier and signified. The whole answer was incorrect. Remember, two sides, dimension, or aspect. She didn't mention all, she used the word dimension, which is more confusing, but it's in her guide. So the two dimensions of language are love and parole. Then we'll see what we can write about how they relate to each other.

13:27

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Now we come to this core concept that is the linguistic sign. And again, yep, from social.

14:09

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Yes, like if they had something else. No, no, no, a ver si vinieron a clase o estudiaron, en resumen, y tienen su mania, la profe también. Mientras conceptualmente está bien, ¿qué les importa eso? Tendría que saber, bueno, está bien. Entonces sí, está bueno que lo has dicho, lo voy a agregar. Sí, todas esas cosas, Flor y todo, le digo siempre estar atentos, ¿viste? Porque todos los años va a cambiar. Y por ahí dice, no, no sé dónde han sacado eso. O por ahí dice, alguien anda diciendo por ahí que hay que hacer así, no es así, bueno.

14:42

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

so sir y si salía que decía como collective pero

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

means puerta. Otherwise, if I say open the whatever, we will not understand. So the notion of a collective habit, a shared way of using languages, so it's better. And I think the opposition between collective individuals is better. Okay, the two sides of the linguistic sign. The linguistic sign is a two-sided psychological entity, okay?

15:31

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Why is it a two-sided psychological entity? The two elements involved in the linguistic sign are a concept and a sound pattern. Both psychological and are connected in the brain by an associative link. Don't forget all this. People, it may sound kind of weird, but the sound pattern is not acoustic, okay? It's not something we hear in our environment. The sound pattern is something we hear in our brain.

15:59

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Do you get that point? People think when you are remembering or when you are thinking what you would say to someone. The sound patterns come to your mind. You don't think in terms of images. You say, I will eat spaghetti. Those sound patterns cross your mind. The sound pattern is psychological. It's in our brain. That's why even if we don't speak, we can understand what other people are saying. We can remember.

16:32

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

and all will be in terms of this link between a concept and a sound pattern that are both psychological and are linked by means of an associative link. Then we will study that that link is arbitrary. Remember the sound pattern is not the same as an acoustic sound. These are two questions from Amadio from class. This was a makeup test and this one was in class.

17:08

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Is B a linguistic sign? In the last class we saw that usually they will not ask you what is a linguistic sign. So if they don't ask you what, you cannot say a linguistic sign is. Is B a linguistic sign? Yes, people, it is.

17:25

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

And when you answer that, you can say yes, because it is a two-sided psychological entity, you have to include the definition, made up of a concept, the state of being, you have to write a definition, made up of a signifier or concept, and a sound pattern, a transcription, B. The way people evaluate B in English, because that is a very relevant example to illustrate arbitrariness.

17:56

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

because the sound pattern B in English can relate to different concepts. It can be the insect, it can be the second letter in the alphabet. The example B is a very good example of a linguistic sign. All words are linguistic signs, okay? But B particularly clearly illustrates that notion of arbitrariness because the sound pattern B you transcribe can relate to

18:29

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

the state of being, it can relate to the second letter in the other, which is a clear example of duality. Then we will make all these things appear. So she said, is B, that was a term, the makeup test, and in class once she said, is Ness in sweetness a linguistic sign?

19:20

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

And that is confusing because we tend to think that linguistic sign means word, because ness is not a word. Ness is a linguistic sign. Why? Because it has a sound pattern, ness, and a concept arbitrarily linked to that, which is a teatro quality of being. We will study in morphology that morphemes are meaningful units. And they have a sound pattern. So from that perspective,

19:52

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

This is a tricky question that you can answer. Yes, it is. Since it is.

20:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

the sound pattern, I'm sorry, or signifier. And she said, clear. But then, on purpose, she said, maybe she's not doing this in class, but she will do the term test or later. And then the question that class was, linguistic sign. Is the voiceless bilabial stop consonant sound? Linguistic sign, the difference in sound.

20:55

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

There is no meaning attached to that. Cuidado, porque mucha gente la pronuncia como be, y se quiere encontrar cosas que son unas preguntas. Sería súper tramposo. Además, syntax. All words belong to a syntactic category. All words are linguistic sounds. At the level of morphology, morphemes are linguistic sounds. But at the level of phonology and phonetics, phonetics and phonology, phonemes are not linguistic sounds. Art speech sounds.

21:32

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

they are not related to a concept unless people we have one word made up of one letter in the indefinite article don't understand that it is a linguistic sign it has the pattern and the meaning is most words are made up more than just don't understand this remember linguistic sign you know how to write this it's not the same as work not the same as the word it is usually it refers people to the link

22:37

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

but in fact what is the signifier has no natural connection with a signifier in reality the link is and there is no like this i always make some comments for you to understand this it is unmotivated otherwise there would be only one language if there was an actual connection in the real world why would we say table and answer clear the shows don't say this that otherwise there would be one language this is one example for you to understand

23:22

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

It's unmotivated. There is no logical connection for some reason. Speakers of different languages, when they have to name entities in the world, they come up with a sound pattern to name that entity. But in a way, there was arbitrary. Arbitrary is unconventionalized, shared by members of the speaker. We have some more notes here. It must not be taken to imply that the signal, the sound pattern, depends on the free choice of the speaker.

24:10

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The term simply implies that the signal is unmotivated, arbitrary in relation to signification. It has no natural connection in reality. Do you understand this explanation, people? It doesn't mean that we can choose any sound pattern. It must rest on a collective heritage. We must all agree on the sound pattern we use to name any entity in the real world. But remember, arbitraryness and conventionality is part of the same principle.

24:40

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Because sometimes when you have the two principles, you consider that one is arbitrariness and the other is conventionality. No. Arbitrariness, and that point that you have to make clear, is arbitrary, but not every choice.

25:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

So the first principle is related to the link, is the linear character as a signal. This is rather confusing in the paper, maybe because of the translation, because now he says that the signal is auditory. Yeah, auditory in our mind. For example, when you are reading people, two words at the same time, the linear character as a signal, the linguistic signal being auditory in nature, has a temporal aspect. It occupies a temporal space. This space is measured.

25:54

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

in just one dimension. It's a line. This principle of linearity gives rise, we'll see that later, to syntagmatic relationships. Clear? Okay. Now the central problem. Signification and value. Linguistic sign arise from. How do signification and value relate? Any linguistic sign, people, arises the meaning, not the value, okay? The meaning, linguistic sign, the word itself, is from its signification.

26:52

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

concept. Signification, people, is the same as, and this is something we will later on agree on, is that a cat is a cat. But that is not a concept of the sign. There is more meaning than just an isolated concept. It also arises from the system. It also arises from the simultaneous coexistence of other signs in the same area.

28:25

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

the value of a dog arises from. Signification has to do with, then we see the right word in isolation. The dictionary definition, don't say that, okay? Signification is a mental image, is a concept. Sometimes saying boss, maybe, but boss and two, it is the same, the meaning is second person singular. If we have boss, it's not just in that chrono, it is also because of the existence of all the others. Layers of meaning. Question, where does the meaning of the linguistic sign arise from? From the concept?

29:40

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Remember this because the question typically is how do signification and value relate to each other in the sense that the meaning of a linguistic sign arises from both.

30:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Then you will get this definition that sounds like saying nothing. Signification is simply the counterpart of the sound pattern. The counterpart of the sound pattern dog is its signification. Signification has to do with the relevant relations we can establish between a sound pattern and a concept, within the limits of the word, which is for this purpose treated as a self-contact unit, existing independently. People, I go back to what is not in that person singular.

30:52

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

There is more meaning than signification. Two is not just second person singular. Its whole meaning has to do with the existence of vos, ustedes. Is that clear? For example, in Spanish, pez. Okay, the meaning of pez arises from its signification. We can say aquatic animal, etc, etc, etc. But it also arises from the simultaneous coexistence of what? Percado.

31:22

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

because we know that pes means alive because pescado. You get this point people. At the beginning it's kind of confusing because of the words. We have to consider what is the sign itself, what is in the system, meaning derived from the simultaneous coexistence of other signs.

32:01

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Sorry, I don't find the emoji to raise my hand, but when you say what's in the system, you mean the other concepts, the other words? Here, from the system, the simultaneous coexistence of the other signs, particularly in the same area of vocabulary or grammatical area. Okay, thank you. From all the other concepts. Sometimes it's your...

32:41

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

to date sanguine, maybe you say, no, no, no, es mi novio, es mi amigobio. Amigobio, significado de amigobio, o bueno, otras cosas, otras palabras, son por ahí, bichón, o me la la, no sé. Cada uno de ustedes dirá, but they have found that the meaning of amigobio is not in amigobio itself. It's because of the existence of amigo and novio and many others. Oh, eso, cuando decimos eso no es, después nos estamos dando cuenta que estamos negociando el valor que le estamos dando las palabras. Signification. This is turnouts, ¿ok?

33:42

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Why am I saying this? Because last year, Amadio objected, I don't know, where did you get that from? You can say from the notes. To make sure you participate, that you have, she was, she knew it was in the source, but it was like making people feel insecure, like, is it from a summary? Is it something I heard? Tiene esa maña por ahí, cuando agarra esa maña, antes era terrible. No sabe lo que era Amadio, pregúntame a gente de año, antes era de 5, 6, 7 años antes.

34:19

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

in the Consejo and all those stories. Well, that's not what I heard.

35:00

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

but, of course, it's strong, right? Luis, when it says, how does the value of the linguistic sign, how does the value of the linguistic sign force?

35:39

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

It arises from the existence of other linguistic science. But don't confuse value with meaning. Meaning arises from signification and value. Value arises from the existence of other sounds. Science.

36:39

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

of the system it arises from the simultaneous coexistence of other signs in the same area vocabulary whatever such as minute second day and week a hour meaning where does the value of chair from the simultaneous coexistence of armchair desk stool a chair is a chair because it's not an arch what the distractor or the tricky point in the exam is this that they're eliciting one and you answer the other

37:29

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

If they ask you, where does the value? It arises from its being positioned in the system, that is, from the existence of the other. A dog is a dog because it's not a cat. And you may say, I don't get that. Yes, because if I say to you, wouldn't you like to have a pet? What about a dog? You say, no, I wouldn't like a dog. I would like a cat. You would never say, no, no, no, I would like a cell phone. Because the value of cat is restricted by the next nonsense you answer that.

37:58

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

It wouldn't make any kind of sense if you ask that. Hello, Chris. Is it clear? So what you have to be careful is that we have here. Signification, I'm going to say is mental concept, only mental concept. And you say, well, that is the meaning. In this context, meaning is broader.

40:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

concept restricted by other concepts. Clear? I'm trying to understand it, but would you recommend, for example, reading it, I don't know, once in Spanish to kind of understand it better?

40:29

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

notas o los resumos. Sí, las notas y el paper también es como que no logro, o sea, terminar de entender bien, ponerle, no sé, con las respuestas acá de where does the meaning and value arise from, me reperdí. Claro, claro. Memoria quizá me va a entrar. Porque, ¿sabés lo que pasa con esto? Porque, entonces, lo que hay en cuenta siempre, si me preguntan, miren todos lados, signification.

41:28

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Meaning sí o sí también depende del value, pero el value no del meaning. Lo bueno es que Cami es estar viéndolo ya y tratando de hacer el examen, que cuando te toman How does Signification of Me and Value relate to each other. Y te avanzaron y todo eso. Entonces si a vos te preguntan. From the system, capaz es medio boluda la pregunta, pero es linguistic system, ¿no? Sí. Claro, claro. Las otras palabras en el sistema lingüístico.

43:30

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

in the linguistic system, English, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish, Spanish,

44:36

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Signifier, concept, signification.

45:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign Sign

45:49

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Signified, concept, is consistent. What does that mean? If I have to talk about... I don't have to deal with those other two that are so complicated. Signification I have to use when the value comes. Fíjate, if you ask me, what is the linguistic sign? The linguistic sign is the color identity made up of two dimensions. The signifier of some pattern and the signifier of concept. Okay. These two are at least. Generalmente, signal, is in relation to linearity.

46:41

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The signal is auditory nature. There is no sound. It's a sound pattern in my mind. Signifier can be called signal.

48:14

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

We have to see rough linguistic differences concerning value. Get the exam and the English analogy.

49:55

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

the value of...

50:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

chair arise from, we're talking only about English. Now if they say, how does the value of pez differ from the value of pescado, pez and fish, they're clearly, you have to talk about two different systems. This is not in your notes, this is in class. This answer was corrected by Amarillo. A delivery of phonology people, a typical question is, answering this. Yo me acuerdo que se los había dado, digo, ¿por qué no la aprendí?

50:41

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Consulant sounds in English is restricted by the simultaneous coexistence sound. You know what? They do not exist in our language. They do not exist in our language. And they can bring about a difference in meaning. So, the value of that consonant sound, that's in the system, then you like this. But it's okay, I come in, so. It's a clear consonant sound. That sibling, consonant sound in English, is narrower.

52:03

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

comparar, por ejemplo, cuando es brother y cuando es narrow? No te puedo decir siempre, pero si te piden, porque te pueden pedir cualquier cosa, eso sí, no considera deep fuzzle vowel sounds, but it's considered only simple vowels, they're 12. The simultaneous coexistence of the 11 other vowel sounds, making its use more specific.

54:26

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

So the more elements you have, in other words, this is clear. How is this evaluated? Sometimes they sound an example of a difference in value in the English and Spanish systems.

55:05

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The simple past tense, studied. The value of the simple past tense in the tense system is Spanish people. You know, in English, more vowel sounds. So the value of tense. You know, in English, we use studied when it has effective aspectual meaning. That's why they translate. And even in hypothetical situations, because if I studied, so the translation could be estudié, estudiaba, estudiada.

56:02

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

As you can see, it is really broad, it encompasses all those meanings, while in Spanish, estudie denotes something that was perfected. So, going from this, the more elements, the more specific each one. I think it makes sense. So that means that the value is narrower. The single past tense can carry its values restricted between the coexistence of past progressive and past perfect, but the material perfect or simple conveys only perfect aspects.

56:48

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

You will see that in contrast to grammar, directed by several co-existent members to know, well, it helps regarding translation. This is in value. In particular, the level of grammar in Lexis. Explain, you know, the contrasts that translators may find difficult. I think all the verb want is brother. Querer is brother because it can mean...

58:03

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

to want material things but also can mean to love somebody so it has two meanings exactly and also want people may refer to material things but it can also have a sexual connotation okay so my example was not the right one because it depends on how you consider it but you were right in the right circuit i think this is what they should do in class to include many many examples to see what what's the point you know translating

58:38

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

won't make a certificate. We can use all the people and make a deduction, etc. In Spanish it doesn't say DVDs in their house, but they say DVDs for obligation. So, I put it here.

1:00:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The first thing to learn about this is to enter in panic. Before you understand the concept. This is what you took in the parcial. You had to read it here. Today I have the most beautiful tab. It has a broad value. It has a broad value. It has a broad value. It has a broad value. And it has a broad value. Which makes its use more specific than that of daily. Since it can only be used with nouns that are feminine. When you explain this, this is one of the assignments. You can say the nouns. Don't think about gender. Well, maybe you can use it. Feminine and masculine, there are very few nouns that you can say.

1:01:37

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The mother, the father, the fathers. It's very simple, and the answers are short. Second person singular, the second person singular, you. This is broader than you, you will have been singularly good. Second person pronoun, you. It's a second person pronoun, singular and plural. Shunt in one sense people. The meanings of both. S, when we use a clock in English, it's narrower than the right of the clock, which denotes a wearable tank.

1:05:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

make a contrast only when it is clearly requested okay only when it is clearly requested when they say spanish and english otherwise if they say where does the value of uh if the topic is language thought if language is different does it imply the english now the second question will be related to okay is there a difference what is the implication so we have language

1:06:24

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

the linguistic sign, and in the linguistic sign you have the two aspects, size or dimension, and then you have a significational value, a third dichotomy. Now we have to see the fourth, the axis of combination and the axis of substitution. It is a vertical and a horizontal axis. Linguistic signs or units such as speech, sound, word parts or words established. It's a line of big data in this course.

1:07:15

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Due to the linear character of language, two speech sounds or themes or words cannot be uttered at the same time. This characteristic of language establishes the syntagmatic relationship between a specific number of language elements that are combined in a few segments. For example, people who use all these vocabulary, syntagmatic relationships hold on the horizontal axis of succession or a socially relational axis, the axis of choice. I can choose

1:07:59

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

to say T, phonemes, phonemes, morphemes, or words in these instances of language. You keep holding a sense of using two or more terms. For example, at the level of syntax, in the noun phrase, the house, the specifier, the or the article, the, is syntagmatically related. In the noun phrase, how they, is syntagmatically related. You know why? We must precede the noun phrase. Because it's not that we cannot attribute as they are syntagmatically related to each other, one must be before the other. I cannot say. It's syntagmatically related to this.

1:10:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

that is a word and a prefix are also related to other words, other prefixes that we could use. They are paradigmatically related to holding absentia, they hold it in terms that constitute in the harmonic group. For example, the people in the house is paradigmatically related to that, this, my, because I can say that house, this house, my house, the house, to all the other items that can be used.

1:10:38

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

in the same position in the sequence. And in morphology, the prefix this is paradigmatically related to an and re, because I can say uncover, recover language in a fixed sequence. There is no linear sequence in determining order. Why the order is not fixed? Because it all depends on the association that comes first. You know, if I say you want t, you don't follow and not think about

1:11:18

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

all the options in a fixed may not come to your mind. Is that clear? So, syntagmatically related sequence, fixed. In a sequence and on a radical system. If it is in the system, the sequence is in the sound sequence. On the horizontal axis of an ensemble, syntagmatically related to the vowel sound, at the same time, or in the sounds, in other words, such as pen and words, lips of the tongue. You know? That's something we use.

1:13:32

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

slips of the tongue or we can make jokes by changing one word or adding another prefix all that is possible because of these relationships they say how does the speech sound in the word

1:14:01

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The sound is related syntagmatically to the following speech sound and paradigmatically to other sounds. The morphemes that form the word rechargeable. The prefix re is related to charge and the word recharge is related to the suffix able. In morphology you can choose which way to go, okay, because chargeable also exists. The prefix re is at the same time paradigmatically related to other prefixes in the system such as an or not.

1:15:31

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The first one was based on the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.

1:17:30

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The second one, signifier signifies. And this one, only value. Should you mention signification? No, because the question is only, how does the value host? Should I talk about Spanish? No, because there is no question about it. Is that clear? So you have three questions, easy to answer. I think you did this in class in almost all the groups. I think you did this on Monday. Yes. Galina or Luis.

1:18:03

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Sí, esta actividad justo fue en la que trabajamos en clase y en esa última pregunta, ya sea si pregunta por la de Horse o en la otra que está abajo dice también habla de Boy, en clase como que sí, nos hicieron mencionar la parte de la opposition, algo es lo que los otros no son, pero también nos hacen mencionar relaciones de comparison.

1:18:35

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

I understand that it is related to the idea of the system, but we have to mention the three things, opposition, comparison, and also talk about linguistic sign, the relation between signify and signified. They are like three sources. Ah, well, we organized it in that way. Well, it's good. Yes. The first thing we have to say is that Talio...

1:19:06

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

rests on two principles mainly one principle of similarity and because it's not a donkey yeah i skipped this right so the answer was a full answer values of any kind seem to be governed by a paradoxical principle they involve something dissimilar which can be exchanged for the item whose value

1:20:04

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The value of horse involves something dissimilar which can be exchanged because maybe instead of using a horse I can use a donkey to go somewhere instead of a pencil I can use a pen. Do you understand why? It involves something dissimilar that can be exchanged. Sweater, I would say as an example, cardigan. Desktop, computer, laptop, it has to be something. Do you understand? This is the item under consideration. A horse.

1:20:44

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Something dissimilar about a horse is a donkey. Why? Because it can be exchanged for the item that is in civilization. But why is it that it can be exchanged? Because it is dissimilar, but similar at the same time. Both are animals. Boy, if you talk about boy, girl, what they have in common are young human beings, for example. They involve something similar, because value is under consideration. It has to be something from the...

1:21:29

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

Yes, I understood that the value of the linguistic sign is going to be explained from these three sources. From opposition, from the comparison with other signs, and from the linguistic sign itself, which is the relationship between the signal, or the signifier, and the signification or signified.

1:21:57

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

That's three things together. Yes. Mati, if you want to copy the answer that we made, that we read, and well, the professor saw it and corrected things, but then it was fine. Yes, basically three concepts we did, but form a template or a template. Do you think you're going to correct them? No.

1:23:01

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

it's not a girl, related signs.

1:23:31

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Additionally, his value arises from the comparison between girl and boy, that both refer to human beings. Adults, you see the same semantic field and say what they have in common. That's why I said a donkey is a donkey because it's not a horse. Common is that they both are linguistic sign. Boy also arises from the relation signal, meaning is a pattern.

1:24:23

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

But yes, it was something similar and something dissimilar. Something dissimilar, boy or girl. Something similar, young human beings. Obviously, all of this comes from the relationship with the concept initially.

1:25:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Ah, supongo que sí. Y alguien más leyó en clase, leyeron o The Horse, o una sola respuesta. Creo que alguien debe haber leído, pero no sé si pasa, no me acuerdo. Galina y Ávila creo que es. Ah, Ávila tengo razón. Galina y Ávila, sí. Están buenas, o sea, hacemos varias actividades y ellas explican. Creo que bueno, como que tienes que ir con la actividad de hecho y no, bueno, uno no sabe ni qué, como de qué se trata el tema. Respuestas. No suele. Esa es la metodología. Para mí,

1:25:54

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

If I say something similar, something very similar, which obviously we have already said, the sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign sign

1:26:45

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

The simple task, I'm radiometric. We will phrase some coffee in a cup of that structure related to one another related to other signs. Sigan el módulo linguistic units that make the units that make up. Generando las respuestas.

1:30:00

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Yeah, I saw that many of you sent me a response to the end of the week, and they always talk about it. I would describe it to all of them, because it was a way of breaking up a little of the brain and saying, well, how did it get to generate? And as they were, they always take it to the same side. And, well, I liked your introduction, Blake, and I said, no, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it, that's it.

1:31:02

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

See you then for this subject a good time.

1:31:14

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

And in a moment I'll talk about linguistic relativity concepts. Regarding linguistic relativity, the text is long. You only have to know the strong view. You are reading, reading, reading. And what important is to find the strong view. It's in the Arduino. It's the relationship of language and linguistic categories. I'm more relaxed. Thank you, Leif. No, I'm a joke.

1:32:17

S… Speaker 2 (Voz 125)

No, pasa que justo yo voy los jueves a lingüística y me confundí el horario la semana pasada con lengua inglesa y pensaba que no teníamos clases de lingüística y sí de lengua inglesa y bueno, me falté y estoy reperdida la verdad, pero ahora me pude centrar un poco más. Sí, ponete a escribir y leer tranquila y no querer entender todo de todo porque hay cosas muy puntuales en estos procesos. Sí. Y justo mañana no tienen clase, así que.

1:32:50

S… Speaker 1 (Voz 125)

Yes, on top, so I will stay in the limbo. In the limbo of linguistics. Well, guys, that's fine, that's fine. I think I'll see you later. Bye, thank you. Bye, bye.

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Vraag AI over dit Transcript