4
May 05, 2026 10:19
· 13:16
· English
· Whisper Turbo
· 2 speakers
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0:01
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Speaker 1 (4)
Hello everyone. Assalamu alaikum. This is Dr. Adil Saeed and today we are going to continue our structural geology two classes. This is class number or lecture number four which is mainly focuses on some important topic for today which is inversion and joints. So today we are going to study inversion and joints.
0:30
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Speaker 1 (4)
And this topic is also one of the interested one. You are going to see it in the field many times and it has many structural indication. So inversion as a definition is process of regional reversal of tectonic movement from subsidence to uplift or from extension to compression. So it is a process of a regional reversal of tectonic regime.
1:02
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Speaker 1 (4)
So the tectonic regime is twisting or reverse maybe from subsidence to uplift, subsidence going down or uplift moving up or from extension moving away from each other to compression moving towards each other. So here there is twisting of the tectonic regime that is reversal of tectonic movement. So any process.
1:33
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Speaker 1 (4)
of a regional reversal of tectonic movement it could be from subsidence to uplift or from extension to compression that's one called inversion that is inverse inverse reverse of the tectonic regime so extensional half grabbing reactivated in a compression not that the compression fault coaxial with net normal displacement this is one of the
2:01
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Speaker 1 (4)
issues that is very common so here you might have extension or a subsidence I mean extension to be transferred or reversed to compression or compression to extension
2:23
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Speaker 1 (4)
And then from subsidence to uplift or from uplift to subsidence. Later we are going to know positive inversion and negative inversion. If we move from here to here. So that is what I'm saying. Positive inversion and negative inversion. Inversion has two types. In case of positive, then a region change from subsidence to uplift. So if it is change from subsidence to uplift, we call it positive inversion.
2:54
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Speaker 1 (4)
but if it is change from uplift to subsidence that is from top uplift on the top to the subsidence to sinking down to bottom so here negative so from down to top that is positive and from top to bottom that is negative so a region changes from subsidence to uplift that is what that is positive guys please remember
3:25
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Speaker 1 (4)
positive inversion and negative inversion. This slide has been discussed before, but because it is important, it is shown again here to differentiate between fault, joint and ven. So this is a types of ven in the limestone and sandstone layers. Those are called extension joints. Those are joints, okay? Not ven, joints.
3:57
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Speaker 1 (4)
because they are fractured without displacement. Here, these are the vents that those fractured now are filling with material. So, there is evidence of fluid flow. So, the fluid is flowing inside those joints. So, now it is what? It is the end. So, this class is mainly concerned with joints. So, the relationship of joint sets
4:26
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Speaker 1 (4)
to a major fault. This is a major fault, and then there is what? There is a joint set. So, you can see those letters A, B, C, and D. Can you see all of those letters? Yes. The corresponding lines of the joints have their own names. A is longitudinal joints. Look at A, which is longitudinal. Along the axis.
4:58
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Speaker 2 (4)
along the axis of the
5:00
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Speaker 1 (4)
Oh, that is longitudinal joint. There is B, diagonal joints. Look at B, which is moving diagonally. That is moving longitudinally and B is moving diagonally. And number C, which is down there, it is transfer joints, transfer joints, okay? And number D is bedding joints. So it is bedding joint, that's the joint separating two different bits.
5:29
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Speaker 1 (4)
Again, we might have a couple of letters here explaining what is these joints, you know, be called. I mean, you can see Q, S, L, D, and F. So, each of these veining is having a particular name.
5:54
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Speaker 1 (4)
So Q is transfer joints similar like the last one we have seen. S is longitudinal joint, sheet joints, diagonal joints, and flow line. So similarly, it's important to know all of those joints pattern. These are the joint pattern. For the joint pattern, we look for a couple of tasks.
6:26
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Speaker 1 (4)
subtitles, that is sets of joints, symmetric and non-symmetric, conjugate joints, and insulin joints, colomerular joints, and joint pattern in the fold zones. So these, we are going to see them in pictures, so that for you to better understand what they are and what they look like. These are the joint pattern. There could be
6:57
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Speaker 1 (4)
set or systematic or non-systematic joint okay they could be set like a set one two three parallel to each other or it could be symmetric or it could be non-symmetric joint that is it could be multi sets or single set okay so this the joint is the joint line is called joint trace
7:29
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Speaker 1 (4)
Conjugate joint is two sets of joint developed during the same period in the same process. If the joint developed during the same period of time and it's formed due to the same process, that's called conjugate joints. Conjugate joints, they are cross-cutting each other. But the angle between those two cross-cut sets of joints is equal to 60, around 60 degrees.
8:00
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Speaker 1 (4)
So the angle of meeting those two different sets of joints is around 60 degrees. In this case, two sets of joints develop during the same period and in the same process. That's called conjugate joints. Conjugate joints. Another important one is which is inchelon joints, which is developed.
8:26
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Speaker 1 (4)
in a strike slip fault probably and due to extension and regime so it is formed in a strike slip fault in extension and regime which is called an insulin joint this is an example of an insulin joint can you see the insulin joints this one also an insulin joints which is
8:55
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Speaker 1 (4)
tension joint that is from the tension as could be also shear joints tension or shear joints according to the sense of movement so this is an inch on the elements of this inch on we have a b m and p for the angle and aw for the widths so we have the boundary of the inch on zone that is a and b and we have the axis of inch on that is m
9:26
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Speaker 1 (4)
and then we have the angle of insulin and then we have the width of insulin. So that those are the elements of an insulin joint system. These are the columnar joints, perhaps in the andesitic flow. From these columns of the rock units, maybe a sheeted, diacore, andesitic flow, these joints are called columnar joints, like a column.
9:57
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Speaker 2 (4)
jointing is forming a column.
10:00
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Speaker 1 (4)
having a column like so we call it columnar joints we can have also columnar joint is this way from the top view that is a cross section of the top view so if you go is a side view you are going to find them line after line after line in terms of column or bars so this is from the top view or cross section view then this is what is
10:32
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Speaker 1 (4)
columnar joint look alike and it has formation that this is the shape and it could be reacted along these joints with a tension so that to form a hexagonal cooling joints when the material is cool so that the heat is moving up or moving away from the body and then the body shrink shrink become more shorter than fracture
11:03
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Speaker 1 (4)
Take place so that the fracture is taking place in six and in hexagonal ways In a hexagonal ways. Okay, that is six sided kind of fracturing This fraction is sometimes called cooling joints, which is columnar joints that is columnar structure and it is more uniform unified so that the
11:34
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Speaker 1 (4)
the material is being cooled from inside the center to outside so that the outside one is become cooled then the material shrink shrink means become smaller inside so that because it is consolidated then the heat is released and then the fracture generated its fracture six times around the center and then forming the hexagonal cooling joints which is columnar joints
12:01
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Speaker 2 (4)
and also the joints could be represented along the fracture of the fault zone and that is simply forming almost two joints the first one which is will be longitudinal along the fault plane the second one will be conjugate at 60 degrees so that you can represent it also with a Rouse diagram on the left on the right
12:29
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Speaker 2 (4)
this is fracture and that is fracture so that the angle between those two might be around 60 degrees so that those two joints now forming something called columnar joints could be columnar shear fracture and this is the rose diagram showing the distribution of dip of two sets of fractures associated with the normal fault this is the normal fault and those two sets of fractures
12:54
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Speaker 2 (4)
associated with it indicating the conjugate sets of shear fracture. That is all for today and thank you very much for being there and I hope you good luck. Let's meet again for the next lecture. Thank you very much and goodbye.
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