2026-04-13 01-59-34

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In this video,

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we're going to start taking a look at some specific IOCs

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that are associated with endpoint threat hunting.

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Now remember,

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we're just looking at endpoint -specific IOCs in this video,

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but any IOC can be used to search on your

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endpoints or search in logs that are generated from

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the endpoints,

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including your network -based IOCs.

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So just keep that in mind.

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We're talking about specifically IOCs that are associated with

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endpoint systems right now.

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So we'll start off that conversation by talking about your file

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-based IOCs.

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These are going to be things like your file names,

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file hashes,

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things like that.

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Now, file names as an IOC really aren't

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the most reliable source because file names can

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easily be changed,

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and attackers are very commonly going to do this.

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This is still a useful IOC

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to search for.

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I would still recommend searching for them because they can be a

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unique file name you could be searching for.

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It could be a known pattern you're searching for,

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anything like that.

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Remember,

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if a malicious file name is found,

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if a malicious IOC that is a file name is found,

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that's a good indicator.

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But don't make the mistake of thinking just

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because you didn't.

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find a malicious file name or the file name associated with that

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or the IOC associated with that file name.

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that there isn't any sort of compromise or anything

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on that.

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It is not a true negative because these file names can be easily

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changed.

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So just keep that in mind when you're doing your threat hunts.

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File hashes are very similar.

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Most of the time when we're talking about file hashes as IOCs,

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these are going to take the form of your MD5 hashes or your

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SHA -256 hashes.

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There's MD5 and SHA -256 examples there on

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the screen.

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Again,

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these are fairly easy to modify.

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Just changing one bit of a file is enough to get a completely

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different file hash.

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So the same kind of guidance that we just talked about with file names goes

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with the file hashes as well.

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File paths and file sizes can be used

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as file -based IOCs as well.

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Again,

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with any of your file -based IOCs,

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just use caution with those.

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The absence of an IOC doesn't mean it's a true negative

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here.

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Now, that goes with any of your IOCs,

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but specifically with file -based ones because they are trivial to change.

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And it may not affect the attacker's attack one bit if they change

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the file name or if they change a single bit in a file to get a new file

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hash or anything like that.

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But these can still be useful.

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If you do find these IOCs during a threat hunt,

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then that's a good indicator that you need to continue that threat hunt and continue

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down that path.

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Maybe pivot the threat hunt to go in a new direction depending on

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what you find.

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They still can be useful, just don't fall into the trap there.

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We also have some specific Windows -specific based

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IOCs,

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starting with your registry keys.

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Registry keys,

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scheduled tasks,

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services,

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we're going to talk about all of these here.

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These are very commonly used by attackers as persistence

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mechanisms for usually either auto

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-run for your registry or creating new services that start at a

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certain time.

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Scheduled tasks,

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kind of self -explanatory there.

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They're used for attackers or by attackers to make sure they can maintain access

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to the systems.

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So good things to search for and can be very valuable IOCs.

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For registry keys,

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when you're searching for the registry key IOCs in your threat hunt,

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one of the main things you want to search for is the command reg add,

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the command line command there to create a new

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registry key.

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A common location to look for your kind

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of auto run is under Windows current version run.

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The full key is there on the screen.

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That's a very common place to find your auto run locations

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for things that start up when Windows starts up or when a user logs in.

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There are others as well.

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But again,

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make sure that you're searching for whatever specific IOC is

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applicable to your threat hunt.

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You can also use Sysmon events.

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Event IDs 12,

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13, and 14 are all tied to...

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registry activity,

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12 being a create or a delete registry key,

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13 being setting a value to a registry key,

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and 14 is renaming a key or

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a value itself.

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And you also have Windows event ID 4657,

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and that's just a generic registry value was

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modified ID.

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So all of those can be useful for searching for any sort

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of malicious modifications to the registry.

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And then we have our scheduled task.

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Again, with the command line,

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you can have schtasks and then forward slash create.

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as a good indicator to look for if you find that it is an indicator that an

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attacker has created a new scheduled task.

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And again,

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this doesn't necessarily mean it's malicious.

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Maybe an administrator did it,

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but it's a good indicator to search for.

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You can also search for,

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there's three different Windows event IDs.

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You have 4698,

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which is a scheduled task was created.

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4701,

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not normally going to be searched for,

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but good to keep in mind.

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Scheduled task being disabled,

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that can still be suspicious or malicious.

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Or 4702,

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a scheduled task was modified.

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An attacker may modify an existing scheduled task if

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they have rights to do it to kind of help mask their activities as

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well.

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And then you have various different Windows services that are commonly

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abused.

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You can have existing Windows services that are abused or

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new Windows services that an attacker creates.

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You have a command line,

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again, sc .exe.

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That is,

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again, command line used for an attacker to create a new malicious Windows

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service.

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And you also have,

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again, event IDs.

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There's two specific Windows event IDs,

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one newer than the other,

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that are used or associated with new services being created.

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It's 4698 and 7045 are

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both associated with new Windows services.

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And some more Windows -specific IOCs,

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you have your Windows processes.

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process when we're talking about that.

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We're referring to really any executable running on the machine

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or a specific Windows system process.

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Windows processes can refer to either of those,

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so keep that in mind.

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Any process can be malicious in nature depending on

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what it is.

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Some keys to look for are unusually named

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processes that are running on a system.

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Maybe one that is kind of named to perhaps

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match a legitimate Windows process.

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Or there are some processes in Windows,

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some system processes,

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that should only be running one time or should only be two

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instances of it.

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One instance or two instance.

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So if you see,

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you know, three instances of one of those processes that should only have

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one instance,

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that's usually appropriate.

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really good indicator that something malicious is going on on that

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system.

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Again,

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you can have files that may look like

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they are legitimate system processes that are malicious in

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nature.

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Besides a lot of the event IDs we've already talked about,

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there's several others that can be used,

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and there are many,

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many more event IDs than just these that can be used for hunting.

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Always the key is to research what

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you're hunting for and what event IDs might

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apply to whatever specific activity you're looking

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for.

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So, for example,

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if you're looking for maybe the attacker cleared the audit

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logs to cover their tracks,

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you'd look for event ID 1102.

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or if you're looking specifically for successful and failed logins

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to a system,

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those are very commonly used in threat hunts,

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you'd be looking for event ID 4624 and 4625.

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PowerShell is also very,

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very commonly used by attackers for many

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different purposes.

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Two events that are good for just looking at any PowerShell

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commands or cmdlets that are run on a system is 4103 for

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different logging for PowerShell modules and 4104

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for script block logging.

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There's a few different commandlets that are commonly associated

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with malicious activity.

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Again,

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they can be associated with regular system administration as

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well, but it's a good thing to research more if you do find these

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indicators.

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One of those commandlets is invoke expression.

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It can also appear in the logs as just IEX,

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depending on how the attacker typed

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it in.

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You can also have invoke web requests.

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That is a very common one that attackers use when they're trying to download

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malicious payloads.

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It can also be abbreviated in the command line or the PowerShell prompt as IWR.

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And then if you see any PowerShell commands or any PowerShell executables

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that has the encoded command option or flag

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with it, basically that means that what you see in the logs is

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going to be typically base 64 encoded.

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So you can't readily see whatever it is the attacker

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did in that PowerShell command.

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You'd need to decode that first.

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That is done by attackers primarily to kind of evade the more

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automated monitoring and alerting for certain things like

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downloading malicious payloads using PowerShell.

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They'll encode it.

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so that it's not as readily available or visible

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what the command actually was.

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Very easy to decode and be able to see what the command was.

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But those are,

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you know,

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a good set of PowerShell indicators to be on the look for

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when you're performing your endpoint threat hunts.

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Then we have some just other IOCs and also some behavioral

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-based IOCs that are associated with your endpoints.

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Any sort of unexplained activity,

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any sort of unusual activity,

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again, you're going to have to know what normal looks like in the environment,

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and that goes with your baselines as well.

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Any sort of deviation from your baselines,

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any unusual activity can be considered a form of IOC.

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You have your behavioral IOCs.

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What that exactly looks like is going to depend,

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number one,

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on what the attack actually is,

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what the attacker is doing,

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but also what your environment looks like.

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This can be things like security settings that might have

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been modified,

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firewall configurations that might have been changed,

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specifically your local firewalls,

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say on a Windows endpoint.

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Things like that.

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And additional installed software,

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or again,

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processes that are running that might be different from what's normal,

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from what the baseline is on that particular endpoint.

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Phishing is a very common technique that

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is used by attackers to kind of start an attack,

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to get on the network,

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get in the systems.

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And phishing is a form of IOC,

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both the email itself,

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but also your indicators inside the email.

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Those can be IP addresses or domains in the form of URLs

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in the message.

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Or it can be files that are attached to the email itself.

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All of those can be considered IOCs and can be searched for

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during a threat hunt.

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Any new user creation.

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Now, that's a very normal thing to see in an enterprise environment.

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But any new user creation that can't be explained,

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any new user creation that is abnormal.

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If you're talking about a Windows Active Directory environment,

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you'd be looking for local user creation.

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Typically,

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it may be used by system administrators,

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maybe some applications sometimes require it,

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things like that,

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but it's something to be on the look for,

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a lookout for.

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These are very common techniques that are used by attackers for persistence.

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They'll create new local accounts on a system that they have

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compromised in order to maintain their access.

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And you would associate that with event ID 4720.

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So that would be something specific you could look for to see if a

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new account has been created.

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There's many different methods that attackers can use

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to download malware onto a system or whatever payload they're

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working with.

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A lot of times you'll see this done with either PowerShell,

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and we discussed a couple of the techniques they use in PowerShell,

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but there's many other utilities that can be used,

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including some built into Windows like the certutil .exe.

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That can be used to download malicious payloads.

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by an attacker so there's a lot of different types of iocs

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that are associated with endpoints we're focusing mainly on the

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windows ones in this course but a good idea of

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you know some of the things that you can be looking for and we're going to keep talking about these

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iocs you're going to keep seeing these used as we progress through

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this course as well

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