HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934
May 16, 2026 11:10
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
14.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
12.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we will make smoke test before.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Next week,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
I will arrange for a smoke test.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
I
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
will start with the...
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Next chapter,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
bioprocess and fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Any idea what is meant by fermentation
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
process?
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
We talked about it previously.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Fermentation?
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From sugar to alcohol.
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From sugar
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
to alcohol.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Any idea?
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Other idea?
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So what you are talking about is anaerobic
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
If you remember from first lectures,
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we talked about industrial fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And we say that in biotechnology,
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we are going to talk about industrial
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Where if we talk about industrial fermentation...
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
We do not mean that it is anaerobic fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So as long as or
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
whether there is oxygen or there is
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
absence of oxygen,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we are going to consider it as fermentation.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So the fermentation,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
there is substrate or media.
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You are going to give the bacteria.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
This media or substrate,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you're going to provide everything needed for the bacteria
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
from the conditions so that they will utilize the substrate
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or change the properties of substrate
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
and convert it into a product.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
This is called fermentation or bioprocess.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And fermentation or bioprocess is the same.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So in the fermentation,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we do not mean that.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the anaerobic fermentation where sugar
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
will be considered as alcohol.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
This is one type of fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
This is also an old definition of fermentation.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
In biotechnology,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
when we talked about fermentation,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
so it's either aerobic
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
or anaerobic broth of bacteria,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we'll call it fermentation where.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
substrate will be converted into product so this
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
is the first definition of bioprocess so bioprocess
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
is the same name as fermentation and this is one
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of the definitions so we have different types of definitions
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for bioprocess so simply here you have living
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
organism
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microbe could be bacteria could be mammalian cells could be
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
plant cells you are going to grow those living
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organisms or part of them which is organelles
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enzymes okay so
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
either it's the cells or part of the cells which are enzymes
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for example you are going to provide the
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
substrate
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Mix it with the bacteria or the enzymes,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
or we call
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it biocatalyst.
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The biocatalyst will do chemical changes
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
or physical changes to the substrate to give you the product.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
so this is one definition for bioprocess.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
You are going
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
to select the right biological
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system.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Could be cells,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
could be enzymes.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Working on the substrate,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you are going to provide the conditions from pH if they need oxygen,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
if they need...
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
agitations or so,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you provide the minerals needed,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
trace elements,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
adjust the pH,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
then this biological system
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
will change the substrate into a product.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
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as simple as that.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So beginning of fermentations,
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when we talked about the cheese production,
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yogurt,
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sauerkraut,
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sausage,
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beverages,
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beers,
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wine cycle,
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all we talked about those projects at the beginning of
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the course.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So
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microorganisms play great.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
rule in biotechnology so we can use them
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to remove obnoxious or unhealthful
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waste.
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Obnoxious
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materials that are not
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good,
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unhealthy waste and so on.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay, this is another definition for
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bioprocess,
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a multitude of complex enzymes.
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or enzyme catalyzed reactions within specific cellular
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systems.
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And these reactions are critically dependent on
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physical and chemical conditions that exist in
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
their immediate environment.
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You have substrate,
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you have biological system,
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you provide the condition for biological system so that
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there are changes will happen.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
physical and chemical changes will happen on the
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
substrate to be converted into product only rewording
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for things okay rewording for for the meaning okay
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
so
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
those are the products according to the sectors
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we have six different sectors and in biotechnology we
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have loads
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of industrial sectors,
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for example,
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organic bulk,
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ethanol production,
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acetone,
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butanol,
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and fine,
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organic finer products,
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for example,
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enzymes,
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perfumes,
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polysaccharides or
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other polymers,
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and organic,
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for example,
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metal beneficials.
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Bio -accumulation,
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leaching.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Do you know what is meant by leaching?
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Do
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you know what is leaching or when we see it,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
bio -leaching?
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
It's
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like filtration.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
What do you
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
mean by filtration?
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Leaching
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is the same.
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You have different
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layers in soil.
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And you have stones where there is minerals
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in it.
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You'll find bacteria that produce
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acid and remove those minerals or
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metals and then the metals will...
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move released outside okay and
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it might penetrate the different layers of soil okay
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so this is the leaching and how the
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
filtration that's a filtration filtration means
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the separations i have you if you want to filter it then you are going
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to separate
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the things.
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Okay,
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pharmaceuticals,
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antibiotics and drugs.
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We have lots of pharmaceuticals projects
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that can be produced through
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biotechnology,
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steroids,
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vaccines,
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monoclonal antibodies.
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bioactive materials not necessarily only antibiotics
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there are some other bioactive
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materials we can which is not we do not consider them as
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antibiotic but they can kill bacteria and so on so we call them bioactive
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materials
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Energy,
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ethanol,
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biogas,
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methane,
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biomass as well.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So all can be produced by bacteria.
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
The
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food product as well.
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We have lots
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of products.
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Food products,
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dairy products,
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cheese,
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yogurts,
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and others, beverages,
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yeast,
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food additives.
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
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Mushroom
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
products, amino acids,
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
starch products.
11:49
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So we have lots of food products can be produced
11:54
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
through biotechnology.
11:59
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
You can do it and you can think in a clever
12:03
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
way to go for this field.
12:06
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Even from food you can produce,
12:10
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
sorry,
12:10
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
from home you can produce biotechnological products.
12:15
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Just be clever and try
12:19
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
a lot so that you can produce certain food
12:23
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
from biotechnology.
12:25
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
You can discover
12:29
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
new things.
12:34
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
agricultural products single
12:38
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
cell protein and
12:42
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we have lots of agricultural products
12:46
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we talked about them and
12:51
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
at the beginning of the course beside the repetition we talked about microbial
12:55
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
pesticides rhizobium micro
12:59
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
rhiza also we have examples and so
13:03
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
on so
13:07
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Also in the agriculture,
13:09
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we have lots of products can be produced
13:13
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
in the industry.
13:14
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
13:20
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Generally speaking,
13:24
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the living system can produce
13:29
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the products either primary metabolites
13:33
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
or secondary metabolites.
13:35
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Primary metabolites
13:39
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
means that the bacteria or the system will produce this.
13:45
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
project and it is necessary for them okay
13:50
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for example acetic acid lactic acid
13:54
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for certain bacteria acetone and others so they have
13:58
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
to produce this product because they need it if they did not produce
14:03
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
it then they will not survive so this is the primary metabolite
14:08
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Some of the products will be secondary metabolized,
14:12
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
which means that secondary metabolized means that they will
14:16
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
produce it,
14:18
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
but they will not use it.
14:21
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Or they produce it for a
14:25
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
purpose, but still we do not know what this purpose is.
14:29
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
But if the bacteria or the living system did not
14:33
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
produce this product,
14:36
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
It will survive.
14:37
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And bacteria,
14:38
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
for example,
14:40
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
they will produce antibiotics.
14:43
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
The antibiotics is not important for them,
14:47
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
but it will protect them.
14:50
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
It will kill other bacteria.
14:51
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Or we can,
14:52
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
as a human being,
14:53
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we can extract this antibiotic because it is important for us.
14:56
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
But if the bacteria did not produce...
15:00
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the antibiotic then they will survive because it is not
15:04
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
important for them but important for others okay
15:09
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
uh for example essence essence
15:13
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
essence for the plant the plant will produce essence okay
15:18
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the essence is not important for them if they did not
15:22
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
produce it still they will survive
15:25
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
15:26
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
and here, for example,
15:27
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
this hormone,
15:28
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
gibralins.
15:29
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So some plant will produce,
15:31
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
or some bacteria,
15:33
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
some of the bacteria will produce gibralins.
15:36
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Gibralins are hormones important for
15:40
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the plant, but not important for the bacteria.
15:42
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
15:45
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
is it clear?
15:46
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Is it clear what
15:50
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you mean by primary metabolites and secondary metabolites?
15:54
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Yes.
15:56
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
15:58
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Some of the products will be enzymes,
16:01
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
okay?
16:02
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
The enzymes could be exocelular or
16:08
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
intracellular.
16:09
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Exocelular means that the bacteria will produce the enzymes
16:13
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
outside their bodies.
16:15
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Intracellular,
16:17
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
no, the enzymes will be within their bodies.
16:20
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Which is better,
16:21
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we always go for exocelular.
16:26
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Why?
16:29
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Why we always go for extracellular or exocellular
16:34
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
product?
16:36
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So if we have...
16:39
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Yes?
16:40
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Maybe because it will be outside.
16:43
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Intracellular,
16:44
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we need to separate it from the microorganism.
16:47
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And we need
16:53
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
to separate it.
16:54
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
What is the problem for separation?
17:06
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Thank you.
17:08
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Thank you.
17:09
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Exosolular,
17:10
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the bacteria will produce the product also.
17:12
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So we do not need lots of processing to get the
17:17
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
enzyme.
17:19
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
But if we go for intracellular,
17:22
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we need to break down the cells.
17:24
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
And while breaking down the cells,
17:26
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we might lose some of the product.
17:30
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
17:30
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
so the process will be longer,
17:32
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
it will be more expensive,
17:35
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
and also the amount of a product will be less than the
17:40
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
exosolular.
17:42
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
17:46
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
we call it exosolular or sometimes extracellular.
17:49
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
17:52
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
so it's better to
17:57
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
go for the bacteria than to produce their product
18:01
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
outside.
18:04
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
their cells.
18:05
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
18:08
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
also bacteria might produce monoclonal antibodies,
18:12
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
vaccines,
18:14
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
and novel recombinant products.
18:18
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
We might play with
18:22
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
the genes of the bacteria to let the bacteria produce certain
18:26
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
novel products.
18:28
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay,
18:31
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
any questions?
18:32
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Any questions?
18:42
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
18:43
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
So I will stop here.
18:46
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay.
19:00
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Do
19:21
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
you want anything?
19:22
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Do you
19:27
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Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
want to talk about things?
19:39
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Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
No, no,
19:40
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
no,
19:41
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
no.
19:41
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
But you have to know those examples.
19:43
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
I will ask you to
19:48
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
state everything.
19:49
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Can I give you,
19:51
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
give me examples that you know?
19:53
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Or I put some of the examples in multiple
19:57
S…
Speaker 2 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
choice or to unfold so you know them.
20:02
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay thank you.
20:03
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
Okay
20:28
S…
Speaker 1 (HwVideoEditor_2026_05_16_133629934)
thank you.
این رونوشت توسط AI (شناسایی خودکار گفتار) تولید شد. ممکن است حاوی خطا باشد — برای استفادهٔ حیاتی با صدای اصلی بررسی کنید. سیاست هوش مصنوعی
خلاصه
In biotechnology, fermentation refers to the process where microorganisms, such as bacteria or enzymes, convert a substrate into a product. This process can be either aerobic or anaerobic, and the substrate can be sugar to alcohol or other substances. The fermentation process is used in various applications, including food production, beverages, and industrial processes.
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