How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony

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Dawn had barely broken when the order came to row.

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The sea was calm,

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almost peaceful,

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but every man on the galley knew that calm would not last.

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I tightened my grip on the oar and glanced across the water.

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The Venetian fleet stretched along the horizon,

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their banners bright against the morning sky.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

We had fought battles at sea before,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

steel against steel,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

arrows flying between ships,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

but today felt different.

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Our galleys carried heavy cannons,

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dark mouths waiting to roar.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Then it began.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

A thunderclap split the air as the first cannon fired.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Smoke rolled across the waves,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and splinters tore from the enemy hull.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Men shouted,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

drums pounded,

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and the sea filled with fire and chaos.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

They will remember this as the Battle of Zonkyo,

0:53

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

but to me it was the moment the quiet sea turned into a storm

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

of gunpowder and flames.

1:00

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and hence deal you a lot of damage through his support across the whole game.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

you can even join the Kings and Generals clan in -game.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

See you there.

2:19

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

It had been almost two decades since Bayezid

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II's ascension to the Ottoman throne.

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By that time,

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the state had recovered economically from the constant warring days of his father.

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The finances of the empire were on the up,

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and the political stability of the central government was secure for now.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

After many years of centralizing control over taxation and

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its relationship with Timah -holding military men,

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the state's annual revenues had doubled,

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and the population of its cities had grown rapidly.

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But, as the Ottoman Empire was closing out the 15th century in prosperity,

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new challenges lay ahead.

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Since 1479,

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the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire had been at peace.

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The two sides had previously fought a bloody 16 -year war across

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the wider eastern Mediterranean during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror,

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culminating in a massive Ottoman victory.

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New lands had been brought under Muslim rule,

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and the Doge had become a tributary of the Sultan.

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However, even during peace,

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tensions between the two realms had been slowly building up.

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During the height of Cem Sultan's rebellion in 1482,

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Venice had opportunistically seized the Ionian island of Zakynthos

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from the sublime port,

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which it considered strategically essential for protecting its maritime routes

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between the Adriatic and the eastern Mediterranean.

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Nonetheless,

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knowing that he could not wage a prolonged war with Venice in his unstable

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state, Bayezid concluded a new peace treaty with the Republic in 1483,

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acknowledging the transfer of the island.

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The Doge's annual tribute to the sublime port was also cancelled.

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For centuries,

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Venice relied heavily on its network of overseas colonies and trading

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posts to project its economic and military power.

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These territories enabled Venice to control vital trade routes linking

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Europe to the Levant and beyond.

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This,

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however, caused natural rivalries between Venice and the Ottomans in their struggle

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to control the Adriatic and Aegean seas,

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Albania and the Morea.

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With Cem Sultan's death in 1495 and the signing

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of a peace treaty with Poland in 1499,

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Bayezid now believed it was time to provoke the Doge into a war.

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Although he had been more diplomatic than his late martial father,

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the Sultan was now determined to wage a major war to keep his military

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class of martial lords loyal and satisfied with his regime.

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Within a short period,

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Ottoman ports were closed to Venetian grain merchants,

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and the Principality of Zeta,

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bordering Venetian Dalmatia,

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was annexed into the empire.

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However,

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the main act of aggression came when a Venetian vessel carrying Christian pilgrims

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to the Holy Land was captured and enslaved by the Ottoman army.

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Ottoman corsairs in the eastern Mediterranean.

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All of these actions resulted in Venice building up its forces in

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the Aegean, and thus,

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by the summer of 1499,

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war between the nations was renewed after almost 20 years of peace.

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During the reign of Beyozid

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II, the Ottoman navy expanded greatly as Muslim corsairs from

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North Africa and the Aegean began enlisting in the Sultan's service.

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Figures such as Kemal Reis and later Uruç Reis operated as both Ottoman

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commanders and semi -autonomous corsairs,

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conducting raids against enemy shipping and gathering intelligence for the Sultan.

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This integration of corsair warfare into Ottoman naval strategy

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provided the sublime port with flexibility,

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experience,

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and a steady influx of skilled sailors throughout the 1490s,

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and it would prove crucial in the war to come.

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By the summer of 1499,

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an Ottoman fleet led by Kemal Rice and his subordinate Burak Rice

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sailed through the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea with the goal of attacking Venetian

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possessions in the Morea.

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Kemal Rice had entered the service of Bayezid back in the 1480s.

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In a military career spanning two decades,

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the Turkish corsair assisted and transported Jewish and Muslim refugees

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fleeing Spain during the fall of the Islamic Emirate of Granada.

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During such endeavors,

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he had also sacked the Balearic Islands,

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the island of Corsica,

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and even bombarded the Spanish coastal towns of Malaga,

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Almeria,

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and Elche.

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For these services,

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Kemal Reis was promoted to Admiral of the Ottoman Navy in 1495

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and was given command of the largest military vessel that the Ottoman state had ever

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constructed.

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Named Gurka,

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the ship was one of the two karaks built in the Venetian model that could carry

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up to 700 soldiers and dozens of cannons.

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In the following years,

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the new Admiral,

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on board his new flagship,

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would build a fierce reputation in the courts of Western Europe as an unstoppable

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marauder of the Mediterranean.

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As a result of Kemal's

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advance into Marea,

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the Doge assigned Antonio Grimani,

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who was already in the region mustering arms for the war,

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to lead the war effort.

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By mid -summer,

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the Venetian Admiral had concentrated his fleet at the coastal town of Modon

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and now awaited the arrival of Kemal from the east.

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Grimani would only have to wait a month.

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The Ottoman fleet had begun its operations in the region by first sacking the

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island of Sapienza off the southern tip of Marea before bypassing Moden and

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sailing towards the Cape of Neverino,

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which the Venetians called Zonkio.

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The confident Grimani decided that now was the time to strike

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and ordered his fleet to set sail to meet the Turks at once.

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The Battle of Zonkio had just begun.

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The Ottoman fleet led by Kemal was immense,

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totaling around 260 ships and over 35 ,000

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sailors, oarsmen,

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and soldiers.

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This number included 60 light galleys,

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3 great galleys,

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30 galleots,

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40 fustas,

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and over 130 transport and barge ships.

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At the center of the fleet were two massive karaks,

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serving as the flagships of Kemal Reis and Burak Reis.

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The Venetian fleet was smaller than the Ottoman fleet,

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but superior in quality,

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numbering around 95 ships and 25 ,000 sailors,

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oarsmen, and soldiers.

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This number included 17 galleys,

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46 galleots,

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and 15 carex.

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Although outnumbered,

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Antonio Gramani was confident that his mighty carex could easily break

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through the front lines of the light Ottoman galleys and win him the day,

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and so he ordered an all -out attack.

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However, right on the eve of battle,

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the Venetian Duke of Corfu,

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Andrea Loredan,

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had arrived with additional ships,

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determined to join Grimani.

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The Loredan family had long fought the Ottomans throughout the eastern Mediterranean,

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dating back to the siege of Thessalonica in 1422,

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and so Andrea Loredan was determined to continue his family's military

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legacy against the Turks.

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Though annoyed by the breach of discipline,

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Grimani allowed Loredan to lead his own attack on the Ottomans.

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What followed was the unfolding of a full Venetian disaster.

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After engaging the enemy,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Loredan believed he had spotted the flagship of Kamal Reis,

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but the ship was actually commanded by Burak Reis.

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Under thunderous cannon fire and whistling arrows,

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a bloody clash began.

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Instantly,

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the numerous Ottoman light galleys began swarming the ships of Loredan.

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But despite this dramatic clash,

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most Venetian commanders hesitated to engage the Ottoman fleet.

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Only a few ships entered the fight,

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including the great galley of Captain Vincenzo Polani,

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which battled numerous Ottoman galleys for many hours before escaping badly

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damaged.

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Grimini repeatedly sounded his trumpets to order a general attack,

9:38

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but confusion and reluctance spread through his fleet,

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and many captains failed to act.

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It quickly became evident that Grimini was sorely inexperienced in commanding

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

such a large navy.

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Meanwhile, Loredan's ship and Burak Rais's karak became locked together in

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close combat.

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After several hours of fighting,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

a massive fire broke out on the Ottoman vessel,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

igniting it.

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powder stores and causing a massive explosion that destroyed the ship and

10:04

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

killed both admirals.

10:05

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Although the spectacle shocked both fleets,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the Venetians failed to exploit the situation and even neglected to rescue

10:12

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

many of their own survivors.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

By sunset,

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the Venetian fleet had fled the site of battle,

10:17

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

thus concluding the battle in a surprising Ottoman victory.

10:20

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Zonkio became a deep psychological

10:24

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

blow to Venice,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

revealing serious weaknesses in leadership and the overall command structure

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

of its navy.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

By the end of the year,

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the victorious Kemal Rice and his fleet sailed around the Morea into the Gulf

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of Corinth and began besieging the Venetian stronghold of Lepanto.

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However,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the unorganized Venetian fleet once again failed to engage in battle and

10:45

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

so retreated.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

As a result,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Lepanto surrendered within a matter of weeks,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

thus giving Kemal Rice and his fleet another great victory.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Meanwhile,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

massive Ottoman raids into Venetian -controlled Friuli,

10:56

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Dalmatia,

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and Marea had also begun,

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as the local countryside of the regions was pillaged and its local inhabitants

11:03

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

enslaved.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Although not as successful as the previous raids conducted under Mehmed

11:07

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the Conqueror, they nonetheless caused widespread panic in Venice.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

More setbacks would follow the next year.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

By the spring of 1500,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the Ottoman fleet set out to sea once more after wintering in Lepanto.

11:20

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

This time around,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the target was the fortress of Modon and Koron,

11:24

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nicknamed the Two Eyes of the Republic,

11:26

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

for their strategic importance in Venetian control over the Morea.

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S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

However,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

in a short campaign,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the twin towns fell after yet another Venetian fleet was routed off the coast

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

by Modon.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Ottoman supremacy on the waves had been established in the war.

11:40

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

As for the first time in its history,

11:42

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the empire had shown it could now go toe -to -toe with Venice in naval warfare.

11:46

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

More victories on land followed in 1501,

11:49

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

with the fall of Navarino and Duresh,

11:51

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

both huge blows for the Doge.

11:53

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Pope Alexander VI

11:57

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

desperately tried to organize a new crusade to save Venice,

12:00

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

sending delegations across Europe.

12:03

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

However,

12:04

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

upon learning of the crusade,

12:05

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Bayezid entered into negotiations and succeeded in detaching Naples from

12:09

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

allying with the Doge by granting the Italian kingdom access to trade in Ottoman

12:13

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

ports and other favorable commercial concessions.

12:17

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Only a few ships from France and Genoa would answer the call for holy war.

12:21

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By the summer of 1501,

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this crusader fleet,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

accompanied by the Venetians,

12:26

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

entered the Aegean with the goal of capturing the Ottoman island of Lesbos,

12:29

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

which was seen as the gateway to the Dardanelles.

12:32

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

But ultimately,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the fleet was scattered by a storm,

12:35

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and disagreements among the Allied commanders prevented them from uniting to fight

12:39

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the Ottomans.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

As a result,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the following siege on the island's capital of Mytilene was to prove disastrous,

12:45

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

with many crusaders falling dead beneath the mighty walls of the town.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

By 1502,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Venice was ready to seek peace,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

as the war had become too costly,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

especially with the loss of its Levant markets and Black Sea trade routes,

13:00

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which worsened its already strained finances.

13:03

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Meanwhile,

13:04

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

doubts about his ability to fully defeat the scattered Venetian navy at sea

13:08

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

prompted Bayezid to accept peace,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

which was formalized in Constantinople by the end of the year.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

The Second Ottoman -Venetian War marked the Ottoman Empire's rise

13:18

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

as a major naval power in the Mediterranean.

13:20

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

The strategic bases acquired from Venice provided opportunities for further

13:25

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

expansion, both in the eastern Mediterranean and the west.

13:28

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Other than the loss of the island of Cephalonia,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the war had been a great success for Bayezid's regime,

13:33

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

which obtained great satisfaction from the marcher lords of the Balkans.

13:37

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

With the Venetian War ended,

13:41

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Bayezid withdrew from active political life,

13:44

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

leaving power in the hands of the Grand Vizier and the men around him.

13:48

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

The Sultan,

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now in his mid -50s,

13:50

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

devoted himself mainly to religion,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

learning, and mystical contemplation.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

He encouraged the work of many learned men,

13:57

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

including the court historian Kemal Pajazadeh,

14:00

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

who began writing a full history of the Ottoman state,

14:02

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

starting from its humble origins under Osman Gazi.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Bezid also surrounded himself with the leading religious scholars and

14:09

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

scientists of the day,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

while allowing members of his imperial court to rule in his stead.

14:16

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

In 1502,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Leonardo da Vinci submitted a proposal to Bayezid to construct an innovative bridge

14:22

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

across the Golden Horn in Constantinople.

14:24

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Leonardo designed a single -span stone bridge,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

about 240 meters long,

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

which would have connected Constantinople to the district of Galata.

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

His design was revolutionary because most bridges of that time relied

14:36

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

on multiple supports in the water,

14:38

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

whereas Leonardo proposed a single large flat arch that

14:42

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

would allow ships to pass underneath.

14:45

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

The bridge also incorporated advanced engineering concepts to enhance

14:49

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

stability against wind and earthquakes.

14:50

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

However,

14:52

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Ottoman officials likely considered the project too ambitious or difficult to

14:56

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

build with the technology available at the time,

14:58

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and so such plans were scrapped.

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Although Bayezid slowly retreated from public life,

15:03

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

his empire still remained active on all fronts.

15:06

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

In 1500,

15:07

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

a final Karamanid rebellion was suppressed,

15:10

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

while throughout the decade,

15:11

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the naval forces of Kamal Reis harassed the lands and vessels of the Knights Hospitaller

15:16

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

of Rhodes.

15:16

S… Speaker 2 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

However,

15:19

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

it was up north where the largest victories would be found.

15:22

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

In 1502,

15:24

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Crimean Khan Mianli Garai defeated the last Khan of the Great Horde and

15:28

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

took over his realm and its capital Tsarai.

15:30

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

In the aftermath of his great triumph,

15:32

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the Crimean Khan proclaimed himself as Khagan,

15:35

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

thus claiming to be the direct successor to the Golden Horde's authority over

15:39

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

the other Tatar realms of Eastern Europe.

15:41

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

However, this expansion of Crimean authority would have unintended consequences

15:46

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

as it became the envy of local powers across the wider region and,

15:50

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

most importantly,

15:51

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

of the Grand Principality of Moscow.

15:53

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

But as Bayezid's realm won victories in Europe,

15:56

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

a new and more massive threat in the Far East had arrived at the doorsteps

16:00

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

of his empire.

16:01

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

Special thanks to Raid Shadow Legends for sponsoring this video.

16:05

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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16:11

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

In the next episode of our series on Ottoman history,

16:14

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

we will delve into the growing threat posed by the Safavids under their charismatic

16:18

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

leader, Shah Ismail,

16:19

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

and how the Ottomans,

16:20

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

under a new sultan,

16:21

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

confronted that threat on the plains of Chaldaran.

16:24

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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16:26

S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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S… Speaker 1 (How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony)

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How the Ottomans Became a Naval Power and Venice Lost the Hegemony

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