building-a-sustainable-digital-future

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Hello, everyone.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is a magnetic tape reel.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is how computers used to store data.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this particular tape reel is from a computer system my grandfather installed in the 60s.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Back then,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

a lot of computers had these.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We still use them today sometimes,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but your computer at home probably doesn't have one.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this stuff is durable.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There's probably still data on here.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But this tape reel is entirely unreadable because we don't have the hardware to

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

read it anymore.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let me show you something else.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is a technical manual,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

also from the 60s.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This in particular is a handbook for radiological monitors,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but that's not important.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The important thing is that I can read this.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You can read this.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

People a hundred years from now will be able to read this.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It's funny,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

that tape reel was state -of -the -art technology in the 60s.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It promised to phase out paper records forever.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

now it's landfill.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This paper is still here.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let me show you something else,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

something a bit more modern.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is a Nintendo DS Lite.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It came out in 2006.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I had one of these when I was a kid,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and I still use it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know, it can still play games.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You can still use PictoChat,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

if you remember that.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

20 years later,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and this thing works just like it did in 2006.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Honestly,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

even if it still has pretty good battery life,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

all things considered.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is a Nexus 5.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This was Google's flagship phone in 2013.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It was actually my phone in high school.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And this phone is a paperweight.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You can't install apps on it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You can't connect to the internet.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You can't really do much of anything useful with it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It's the same story as that tape reel,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right? This smartphone is a supercomputer compared to the DS.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But the DS,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the older technology,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is the one that survived.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

What's going on here?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Computers are supposed to get better.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They're supposed to get faster,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

more capable.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

That's always been the promise of big tech.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But what's happening instead?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There's five more main points I want to make for you today.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let's walk through them.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

One, we're designing tech for the privileged few who

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

can afford it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The modern world demands we have faster computers and faster internet,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but we're closing the door on billions of people who don't have access to that stuff.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Who does this technology serve,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and who are we leaving behind?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Two,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're building tech with an expiration date.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The technology we rely on comes at a high cost.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

To us,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

yes, but also to the environment.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Yet our phones and laptops still rarely last more than a few years,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and often that's by design.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

With all the technological advances we've made,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

how will we not fix this,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Three,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're relying on fragile tech infrastructure that might not be around

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

tomorrow.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There are tech companies with the power to single -handedly take

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

down half the internet.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

How many eggs should we be putting in one billionaire's basket?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Four,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're building social platforms that polarize and divide us.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Social media,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

it's not just bad for our mental health,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

it's a catalyst for civil unrest and violent conflict.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Is it really worth the cost?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And five,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we are losing our history because we don't know how to store it long term.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm a digital archivist.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I run a community archive project to document the histories of queer communities.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And I'm terrified because the so -called information age is an

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

existential threat to our history.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

How do we preserve our digital legacy for future generations?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is unsustainable.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

All of this is unsustainable.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

My name is Lark Astor.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I use they at pronouns.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And this is After Big Tech,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Building a Sustainable Digital Future.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let's talk

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

about Barbie Riding Club.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

All right,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

so recently a friend wanted to play a video game from their childhood with me.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The tagline of this box,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

it says, software for girls.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Great message.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Very empowering.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Wasn't quite accurate in the case of my friend,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but he wouldn't discover that until he was a teenager.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Unfortunately, Linux support for this Windows game from 1998 isn't great,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

so I installed Windows XP on my computer so we could play it together.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And while I was doing that,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I just took the opportunity to kind of poke around.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I grew up with Windows XP,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but I hadn't used it really since high school.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I was kind of enamored with it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm not a Windows user,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but something about this experience was really drawing me in.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It was making me yearn for a time when computing was simple.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know, computers were a tool that sat on your desk,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

not an omnipresent everything machine infiltrating every facet of your -

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

life. To be clear,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm not nostalgic for the aesthetic.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm feeling grief.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm feeling grief for a relationship with technology that we used to have.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And to be honest,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I've been feeling this way for a while.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

About the internet,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

especially.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I wasn't around for this era of the internet back in the 90s,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but I feel a lot of second -hand nostalgia for it.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It just feels like the internet was simpler back then.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And I know,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

that's probably naive.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But I also know I'm not the only person to feel this way.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There's been a whole wave of 90s -era internet nostalgia in the air lately.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Some of it rooted in idealism,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

perhaps.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know, all cultural trends come in cycles,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but I think there's real things we can learn from the early internet.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Things we forgot.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Take NeoCities,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

for example.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

some of you might remember GeoCities,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

a platform where folks could build and host their own personal webpages.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

that platform went defunct in 2009.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

NeoCities is an open -source continuation of the concept.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They offer free hosting for small websites and some basic tools for building them.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And this platform has exploded in popularity over the past

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

few years.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let me share an example of the kinds of things people are building in this space.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is my friend Loaf's personal

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

website.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I think it looks pretty nice.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But if you poke around long enough and click the right link,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

okay, look in the lower left corner,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you see that wolf hand holding up a little match.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Obviously,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

if you take the match,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you can use it to burn down the website.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and find the secret second website hidden underneath.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I won't spoil too much more here,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but if you go down here,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you're going to find a sprawling labyrinth of surrealist art.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And I think that's really beautiful.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There are thousands of people rediscovering

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the fun and artistry of creating websites.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Not for clicks or likes or revenue,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

just for the sake of it.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It feels like at some point during the social media revolution,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we lost the joy.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

People are getting tired of social media.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They're looking for alternatives.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

That's what I'm here to talk about today.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

What have we lost in the past 20 years of computing?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And where can we go from here?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let's find out.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Part 1.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're designing tech for the privileged few who can afford it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let's talk about hardware.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we've been living in a golden age of consumer electronics,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

to be honest.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Over the past few decades,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

computers have gotten faster at an exponential pace,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and prices for consumers have plummeted.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

So on the left,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you can see a portable computer that sold for under $18 ,000 in the

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

80s.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Adjusted for inflation,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

that's more like $77 ,000 today.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

In 2026,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you can buy a laptop for less than $200.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And for decades,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this trend has been pretty consistent.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know, hardware gets cheaper year over year.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Memory and storage,

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

especially.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

From 2003 to 2023,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

memory prices fell by a factor of 100.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Ever since the turn of the millennium,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you know, computers started to become everyday appliances,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

upgrades have been cheap and routine.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Compared to the expensive business machines of the 80s,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

electronics have practically been disposable.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this era of cheap commodity hardware is ending,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and it's not because we all just suddenly decided we care about the environmental

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

impact.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It's because computers are about to get a hell of a lot

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

more expensive.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Between October 2025 and February of 2026,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the price of RAM,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

a common computer component,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

increased by a factor of six.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And it's only gotten worse since.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Why?

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Why is this happening?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We all know why.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

AI companies are buying

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

so much memory that the demand has outpaced the global production capacity.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And unlike the rest of us,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

AI companies don't care how much they got to pay to get it.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Already,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

one of the three major suppliers of computer memory,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Micron, has...

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

fully left the consumer market.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Because why bother,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right? Like, why bother with marketing and retail logistics when there's guaranteed volume on the

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

table from AI companies?

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And this isn't just,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

like, a blip in the market either.

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Western Digital,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

one of the world's major suppliers of hard drives,

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S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they already sold every hard drive they plan to manufacture in 2026.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

By February.

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S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Right,

9:34

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

so by February,

9:35

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they had sold every hard drive they were going to manufacture,

9:37

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

hadn't even manufactured yet,

9:39

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

for the rest of the year.

9:41

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

These AI companies are buying up capacity years out.

9:43

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Some of them just have open -ended orders.

9:45

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They'll buy as much memory as the manufacturers can pump out.

9:48

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like,

9:50

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're in this for the long haul.

9:51

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

What we're seeing is a strategic reallocation of the world's resources,

9:55

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and it's going to cascade through the consumer electronics sector.

10:01

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Just look at the price hikes we've seen in game consoles over the past few months.

10:04

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This might not seem catastrophic yet.

10:07

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know, game consoles are a luxury good,

10:09

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

after all, but pretty soon it won't just be game consoles.

10:12

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And the people who already have the least access to technology are going to get

10:16

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

hit the hardest.

10:16

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Remember when I talked about how computers have been

10:20

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

getting faster at an exponential pace?

10:22

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well,

10:23

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this graph shows how powerful our most powerful computers have been every

10:27

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

year since the 90s.

10:28

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Supercomputers,

10:29

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right?

10:30

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now, note that this is a log scale graph,

10:32

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

meaning that each of these horizontal lines is a factor of 10.

10:35

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And this is kind of a benchmark for computers

10:39

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

as a whole.

10:40

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

10:41

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

do you really feel like your new computer is 10 times as fast as the one you bought

10:45

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

five years ago?

10:46

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Do you feel like it can do 10 times as much as one you bought

10:50

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

five years ago?

10:50

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Because I certainly don't.

10:52

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

If our computers really are getting faster year

10:56

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

over year, why doesn't it feel that way?

10:58

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like,

10:59

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

why is Google Chrome deleting up all my memory?

11:02

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well, the answer is that software is actually getting slower.

11:05

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

In the early days of laptops and smartphones,

11:08

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they didn't have a lot of processing power.

11:10

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

So developers had to put in a lot of work to make software that's efficient enough to

11:14

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

run on them.

11:14

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But over the last two decades,

11:17

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

smartphones and laptops have actually gotten incredibly powerful,

11:20

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

which means developers don't have to be so careful.

11:23

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

11:24

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

part of the story is that writing slow software is cheaper.

11:27

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Software developers are expensive,

11:28

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

so it doesn't make financial sense for companies to spend all that extra time optimizing.

11:33

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

So then what's the point of faster hardware if it's

11:37

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

going to result in slower software?

11:38

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is a matter of equity.

11:42

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Remember,

11:43

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the median internet device,

11:44

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the computer that most people around the world are using to connect to the internet,

11:48

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is an Android smartphone that costs an average of $93.

11:52

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Most people aren't using laptops.

11:55

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Most people aren't using $800 iPhones.

11:59

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But modern software is built for these expensive high -power devices.

12:02

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

That means people who can't afford to ride the upgrade train

12:06

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

are getting left behind.

12:07

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You know,

12:08

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

phones are getting faster,

12:09

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and again, software is getting slower.

12:11

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And that harms the people who already have the least access.

12:15

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

There's another problem with modern software,

12:19

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

beyond just that it's slow.

12:20

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Most modern software requires internet access.

12:24

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now, I'm not talking about software that obviously needs to be online,

12:26

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right, like web browsers or chat apps.

12:29

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm talking about software that used to work offline,

12:31

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

but has been replaced by services.

12:33

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Used to download an app to edit documents.

12:37

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now we use Google Docs or Office 365.

12:39

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Except that globally,

12:41

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

most people don't have access to the kind of fast internet that you need to use those services.

12:45

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

So if we're building software that most people can't use,

12:49

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

who are we building it for?

12:51

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Part two,

12:55

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're building tech with an expiration date.

12:58

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Let's talk about hardware again.

13:02

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We've seen how software keeps getting slower,

13:04

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

which means we need to buy ever more powerful computers to keep up.

13:07

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And,

13:08

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

like we talked about,

13:09

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this is a matter of equity.

13:10

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We should also consider the outside's environmental impact.

13:13

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're wasting precious metals,

13:15

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're burning carbon,

13:16

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we're generating toxic e -waste,

13:18

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and for what?

13:18

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're buying more and more powerful computers to do the same stuff.

13:22

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And, thanks to AI companies,

13:24

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

our devices are only getting harder and more expensive to replace.

13:28

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Remember, this is a manufactured problem.

13:30

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Because who benefits from the status quo?

13:31

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Who benefits from you buying a new device every five years?

13:34

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

13:38

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we've talked about how companies are trying to replace apps with online services.

13:41

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Yeah,

13:42

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

big tech really wants you using those services.

13:44

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Take Microsoft,

13:45

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

for example.

13:46

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now, to their credit,

13:47

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they do still sell a standalone version of Microsoft Office that doesn't

13:51

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

require an internet connection.

13:53

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Great.

13:54

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And even,

13:55

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you know,

13:55

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

earlier this year,

13:56

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they were even selling it for a bargain price of 20 US dollars.

13:59

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Even better.

14:00

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Except this turned out to be a rug pull.

14:04

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Because two weeks ago,

14:06

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

two weeks ago from today,

14:07

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Microsoft permanently bricked Office 2019 on Mac OS.

14:10

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I don't mean that they released a software update that accidentally broke it.

14:14

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I mean the software had an expiration date baked in from the start.

14:18

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like,

14:19

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you can no longer use the software that you purchased a lifetime license for.

14:22

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

No,

14:24

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Microsoft recommends you pay for Office 365 instead.

14:27

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Because of course they do.

14:31

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Speaking of Microsoft,

14:32

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they're ending support for Windows 10,

14:34

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

you've probably heard.

14:35

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And they're requiring that users upgrade to Windows 11.

14:38

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Except that hundreds of millions of PCs don't meet the requirements

14:43

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

to upgrade.

14:43

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Yes, hundreds of millions.

14:45

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Microsoft decided they're okay with that.

14:48

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They're okay with perfectly usable computers becoming e -waste.

14:51

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And the people who don't have the means to replace their device,

14:54

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I guess they're just excommunicated from this digital world of ours.

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Microsoft's okay with that too.

15:00

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Part three.

15:04

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're relying on fragile tech infrastructure that might

15:08

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

not be around tomorrow.

15:09

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

So we talked about software becoming increasingly

15:13

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

dependent on the internet.

15:14

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Well,

15:16

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

now it's not just software that assumes you have an internet connection.

15:19

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Hardware is becoming internet connected too.

15:21

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Companies sell these as smart devices.

15:24

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They call it the internet of things.

15:26

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like this fridge with a big heckin' touchscreen on it.

15:30

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now at least this fridge will still cool your food without an internet connection,

15:33

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right?

15:34

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Yeah,

15:36

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

we'll see.

15:37

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

A few years ago,

15:40

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

users of this particular brand of oven reported that they woke up one morning and

15:45

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

their ovens didn't work.

15:46

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It turns out the company had remotely updated the software

15:50

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

on the ovens overnight,

15:51

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

that's a thing that can happen now,

15:53

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and they bricked them.

15:54

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They were completely inoperable.

15:57

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Which actually,

15:58

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

like, they did it so bad,

16:00

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they prevented the company from pushing out new software updates to fix it.

16:03

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

16:05

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

thankfully, the company was able to release a workaround.

16:07

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This

16:11

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is an actual image from the actual instructions they sent customers.

16:14

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

You had to fold a piece of tinfoil in a particular way,

16:18

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

partially disassemble your oven,

16:20

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and tape the tinfoil to a sensor overnight.

16:23

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is an actual thing that happened.

16:27

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like, people couldn't cook their food.

16:28

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And for what?

16:31

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is a relevant comic,

16:33

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

XKCD.

16:34

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The person on the left says,

16:37

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This dehumidifier model features built -in Wi -Fi for remote updates.

16:40

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The person on the right says,

16:42

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Great, that'll be really useful if they discover a new kind of water.

16:45

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Why do we need this?

16:47

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Why do we need everything to be smart and connected to the internet all the time?

16:51

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

A consequence of smarter devices

16:55

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

is that a lot of the things your computer does don't happen on your device anymore.

16:59

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're not storing data on our devices.

17:01

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're not running software on our devices.

17:02

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're doing that in the cloud.

17:04

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

All of this is happening in massive data centers like this one.

17:07

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And who controls those data centers?

17:10

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Hyperscale cloud providers.

17:13

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Most data centers in the world are operated by one of these three companies.

17:17

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Amazon,

17:19

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Google,

17:20

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Microsoft.

17:21

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Most internet traffic goes through one of these three companies.

17:25

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

That means if AWS,

17:26

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Amazon,

17:27

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

goes down,

17:27

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

half the internet goes down with it.

17:30

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And that's not like a theoretical issue,

17:32

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

like this has actually happened a number of times in recent years.

17:35

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But this consolidation of power goes deeper

17:39

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

than just who's running the servers.

17:40

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It goes down to the fundamental way the web works.

17:44

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Now,

17:45

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

nominally, decisions that affect the web as a whole are made by standards bodies,

17:48

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

like the Internet Engineering Task Force or the World Wide Web Consortium.

17:52

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

If a company wants to change the way the web works,

17:55

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

they need to come to the table with the rest of us,

17:57

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

and we need to reach a consensus.

18:00

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

In practice,

18:01

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this isn't the way it always works.

18:03

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

The thing about the web is that 70 % of

18:07

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the browser market share is Google Chrome.

18:09

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And it's not just the web either.

18:11

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like many of the apps on your phone or laptop are actually secretly web

18:15

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

apps that are also running on Google Chrome,

18:17

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

just like under the hood.

18:18

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And when almost everyone is using Google Chrome,

18:21

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Google has a lot of leverage.

18:22

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Like they control the operating system,

18:24

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Chrome OS.

18:25

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They control the browser,

18:26

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Chrome.

18:27

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They control some of the biggest platforms on the web,

18:29

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

the services that we all use.

18:30

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They fully close the loop.

18:32

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

They don't need the W3C's permission to change the way the web works.

18:35

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

That means they can decide that my phone can't connect

18:39

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

to the internet anymore.

18:40

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

It means they can make it easier for companies to track us and sell our

18:44

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

data to the highest bidder.

18:45

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

At the root of it,

18:47

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

this is the same problem that causes ovens to brick themselves,

18:49

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

right?

18:49

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're relying on fragile digital infrastructure that we don't control.

18:55

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're consolidating power in the hands of big tech.

18:57

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're enabling a surveillance state of unprecedented scale.

19:01

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And we're creating a single point of failure for the whole system.

19:04

S… Speaker 2 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Part 4.

19:08

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

We're building social platforms that polarize and divide us.

19:11

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm going to be serious for a moment.

19:15

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I don't think I need to explain why hyperscale social platforms

19:20

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

are dangerous.

19:20

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Remember when Cambridge Analytica weaponized social media

19:24

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

to influence elections in 68 countries?

19:28

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Remember when Twitter was used to incite an insurrection against the United States?

19:33

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

I'm going to stop myself here because I don't want this to be that kind

19:37

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

of talk.

19:37

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

But I want you to understand that hyperscale social platforms are

19:41

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

a mechanism of control.

19:42

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

And that's by design.

19:44

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

This is what's at stake when we let scale be the goal.

19:48

S… Speaker 1 (building-a-sustainable-digital-future)

Speaking of control,

building-a-sustainable-digital-future

Resumit

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