31049714809-1-192

May 17, 2026 02:16 · 49:14 · English · Whisper Turbo · 2 اسپيڪر
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Hello everybody.
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Welcome back to American Textbook Reading.
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I'm Brian Stewart.
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We're on Lesson 9 and we're talking about changes in
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communication.
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So in this lesson,
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you will discover new inventions made communication
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easier.
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So new inventions made communication easier.
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We can see...
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some different types of inventions on our title page here,
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our warm -up.
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This is a very old telephone.
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It was really great when it was first invented,
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but now it's old -fashioned,
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right?
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This is a new invention.
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It's a cell phone.
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It's a really convenient invention.
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It's what we use nowadays.
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So changes in communication,
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how people communicate with each other.
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Let's take a look.
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First of all,
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we saw invention,
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right?
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On the previous slide,
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we saw an example of two inventions.
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The telephone,
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an old telephone,
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and a modern -day telephone.
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Well,
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an invention is something new or a
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new way of doing something.
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So,
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it's interesting to think about that.
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Invention isn't just something new,
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that's an object,
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right?
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It's an object.
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If you create something new,
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that's an object,
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like a telephone or a cell phone.
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But take this out.
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Check this out.
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A new way,
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a new way of doing something.
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That is a method.
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So,
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inventions can be physical objects,
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things we touch or use,
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but they can also be things we don't touch,
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just things that we do,
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right?
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It's not something we can look at,
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it's not something we can pick up,
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it's just a way of behaving or a way of doing something,
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a method.
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So,
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inventions are really two types,
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object,
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a physical thing,
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or a method.
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A way of doing something.
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And if you think of a new way of doing something,
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that's an invention too.
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By the way,
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it's very interesting.
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We have many words in this unit that end with
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T -I -O -N.
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Invention.
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Invention.
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Whenever you see T -I -O -N,
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you know that that word is a noun.
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Many of these words are also used as verbs.
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And we drop I -O -N,
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we say...
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To invent.
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So invention is a
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noun. To invent,
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we get rid of I -O -N,
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we have a verb.
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To invent.
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So if you make something new,
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or you think of a new way of doing something,
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you are inventing.
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You have an invention.
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Okay,
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we'll see many words like this in today's lesson.
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Let's take a look at the next one.
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Tool.
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A tool is a thing.
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It's a thing,
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so it's an object that helps people do a job.
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When you do your job,
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what is your job?
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You are students,
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right?
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So your job is to do homework.
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What tools do you use to do
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your job?
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You probably use paper,
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right?
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A notebook and a pencil.
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Those are your tools.
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Those tools help you do a job.
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your homework but there are many jobs aren't there and many different tools
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these are typically many what we think of when we think of tools
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right a paintbrush for a painter who wants to paint something a
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wrench for a plumber who wants to fix something these are
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all tools that people use to do their job it
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helps them do their job okay
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Ah, here's another I -O -N word,
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T -I -O -N,
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education,
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right?
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Education is teaching or training people
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and the things people learn.
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So really we've got two parts to this definition.
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Teaching or training people,
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that's one part,
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and the things people learn.
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The things people learn,
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that's the second part,
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okay?
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So education is all of that.
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Right now,
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We are involved in education.
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What we're doing right now is education.
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I am educating you guys,
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right?
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Education.
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Education is a noun,
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but to educate is a verb.
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Educate.
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So,
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you see, we can take many of these ION verbs,
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which are nouns,
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and make them into verbs,
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right?
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Education.
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We are involved in education right now.
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I am educating you. So good word.
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Education.
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Okay,
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let's move on.
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Information,
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another T -I -O -N word,
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right? There's so many of them,
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right?
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Information,
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facts or details that you know about
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something.
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So how many facts and details do you know?
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You probably know a lot of information,
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right?
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Especially if you've been studying these books quite a bit,
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right? So we've been learning a lot of information.
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Facts.
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details if you look at something of course he's looking at very specific facts
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and details about something but when we think about science you know
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about the earth or about insects or animals or people those are facts
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or details we know about those subjects that is information
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now as we are doing we're looking at these words and we see
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that they are nouns what is the verb form of
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information what is the verb form
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If you guess,
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to inform,
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right?
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So to inform.
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To inform is like to tell somebody about something,
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to tell them about the facts or details that you know
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you're going to tell somebody else.
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You will inform them.
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Right now,
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I am informing you,
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right?
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I'm informing you about this word information and many other words
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as well.
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Okay,
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so let's move on.
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Communication.
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Really long word,
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right? Of course,
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we have T -I -O -N again.
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There's so many of them,
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right? In English,
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we have, this is a very common ending for many words.
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Shun.
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Communication.
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Communication.
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Okay,
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so what is communication?
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The way,
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the way it's a method,
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right?
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It's a method.
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People share ideas and exchange information.
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So when we talk,
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when we inform each other,
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when we educate people,
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we share ideas.
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We exchange information,
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right?
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So teachers or parents will educate children,
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right?
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Or children will...
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inform their parents about their day,
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right?
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They will tell them.
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They will give them the facts or details about something that happened to them.
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So we are always exchanging our ideas,
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aren't we?
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We communicate with many people around us
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every day.
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And I just used the verb to communicate.
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To communicate.
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We communicate with each other every day.
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That is communication.
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We call this process,
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this method,
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communication.
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The action is to communicate.
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So we are communicating right now,
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right? Okay,
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let's move on.
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We have another word here,
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machine.
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A machine.
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A machine is a tool.
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Remember,
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we talked about tools before.
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We saw the pictures of the tools.
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But those tools we saw before are very simple.
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They don't have really many moving parts,
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maybe just one part that moves.
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But a machine is a complex.
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It's a complex tool.
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It has many parts,
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and it's used for a particular job.
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And another thing about a machine is that you can turn it on.
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You use electricity,
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and it works,
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and it does something for you.
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In fact,
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machines do work instead of people,
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right?
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With machines,
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we can do so much more than we can do with just
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simple tools and one person or a few people.
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Machines can work very quickly and they can do dangerous jobs
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and they can produce many amazing things.
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This machine here is busy making a car.
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So machines are complex tools,
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not simple tools,
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but complex tools that are used for a particular
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job,
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a certain job.
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For example,
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a printing press.
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A printing press is an example of a machine.
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A printing press is a machine that is used to make books or
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newspapers.
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So if you have your books,
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right, you have a book in front of you right now,
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right, how was that book made?
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It was made on a really big machine called a printing
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press.
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Also,
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when you get your newspaper,
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right, at your house,
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if you get a newspaper delivered to your house,
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that newspaper is printed on a printing press.
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Let's take a look of a printing press.
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in action this is a printing press here this is the paper let's
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S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
take a look wow that's really fast isn't it it's going really fast and look at
9:56
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
how big this machine is it's really big and it's coming up
10:00
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
through here and the drums have different colors and they're putting the
10:04
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
ink on the paper as the paper goes through it's really
10:08
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
fast and
10:09
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Of course,
10:10
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
this machine can make many books or many newspapers very,
10:14
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
very quickly,
10:15
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
much faster than people can if they didn't have a machine.
10:19
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So machines make our lives easier.
10:21
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
They allow us to do our work very well,
10:24
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
very quickly,
10:25
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and to make many,
10:26
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
many things in a short period of time.
10:29
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So that's an example of a printing press.
10:33
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Now let's take a look at another very old tool.
10:36
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay, this is a much older tool.
10:38
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
A slate.
10:39
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
A slate is a writing tablet.
10:42
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Of course,
10:43
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
a long time ago,
10:44
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you know, people really didn't have paper.
10:46
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
They may have had something.
10:47
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
They could have carried around a piece of charcoal or a piece of...
10:52
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
something around with them and they call the slate and they use chalk to
10:56
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
draw on it or to write on it.
10:58
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So people would use a slate to write on it and they could pass
11:02
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
it to another person and they could take it very far away and
11:06
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
another person could read the message.
11:08
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So this is a very old style of communication,
11:11
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right?
11:11
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Not many people use slates nowadays.
11:13
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Sometimes we use slates for fun,
11:16
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but it's not really practical.
11:18
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Normally we use notebooks and paper.
11:20
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
instead of slates. Okay.
11:24
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
This is a chart showing how communication has
11:28
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
changed over the years.
11:30
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Here we have communication inventions,
11:32
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right?
11:33
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We talked about inventions.
11:34
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Inventions are objects,
11:36
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
usually machines,
11:38
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
not always,
11:38
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but also ways of doing things.
11:41
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
In this case,
11:42
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
of course, we're talking about objects,
11:44
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and we are talking about ways to communicate.
11:47
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
There's many different inventions here.
11:52
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Can you imagine that long ago?
11:54
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
That was a long time ago,
11:55
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
right? Almost 150 years ago.
11:58
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Almost 150 years ago.
11:59
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The telephone was invented.
12:02
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Who invented the telephone?
12:03
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Do you remember?
12:04
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
That's right.
12:05
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
12:08
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Alexander Graham Bell.
12:10
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
I'll just write his last name here.
12:11
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Bell.
12:12
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
12:16
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Then, in 1902,
12:18
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
the radio was invented.
12:21
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The radio was invented,
12:22
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and people were able to hear another person's
12:26
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
voice from a long,
12:27
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
far away,
12:29
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and they didn't have to have wires,
12:30
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
right? The telephone,
12:31
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you needed a wire to connect one telephone to another telephone.
12:35
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
But the radio,
12:36
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you didn't need wires.
12:38
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
People spoke in one place,
12:39
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and their sound went through the air,
12:41
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and you could pick it up on a radio.
12:43
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Really great invention.
12:45
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Well, the radio,
12:46
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
of course, came before the television.
12:48
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The television was invented in 1927.
12:51
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The television was different from the radio.
12:54
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
How?
12:55
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
You could hear the radio.
12:57
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
What could you hear?
12:58
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
You could hear voices.
12:59
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
But with the television,
13:01
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you could hear voices and see pictures.
13:04
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
This was a really big deal,
13:07
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
of course,
13:07
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
in 1927.
13:09
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Amazing.
13:10
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You could send pictures through the air.
13:12
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
People were really surprised.
13:14
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
at this invention it was like magic right now nowadays we think
13:19
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
that it's normal but think about that a long time ago these
13:23
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
things were new amazing inventions people were very amazed
13:27
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
they thought it was like magic how can you send pictures through the air nowadays
13:31
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
we don't think about it but a long time ago they were very amazing inventions
13:35
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
of course nowadays we may not use the radio or television
13:40
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
so much
13:41
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
People, we still use the telephone a lot,
13:43
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but more and more people are using what?
13:46
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
In 1994,
13:47
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
the Internet was invented or became
13:51
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
used by many,
13:52
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
many people around the world.
13:54
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
And more and more people are using the Internet to listen to sound
13:59
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
or to look at pictures.
14:01
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You might use the Internet to look at your favorite music videos,
14:05
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
right, on YouTube or something like that.
14:07
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So the YouTube is kind of replacing all of these other things.
14:11
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Also, you can use the Internet to talk to people using
14:15
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
different programs.
14:17
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You can talk from one person in Korea.
14:20
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You can talk to somebody in Canada or Australia or Europe
14:24
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
over the Internet.
14:25
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So you see these different inventions.
14:28
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
progress through time and things are getting better and better you
14:33
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
guys are actually very lucky you live in a time where
14:37
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
there are many many inventions that are already in use
14:41
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but think about that a hundred years ago there are a lot of the
14:45
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
inventions that you use now
14:47
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
they weren't in existence right so you're kind of lucky
14:51
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you have a very convenient life think about that sometimes about
14:55
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
all the inventions that are around you maybe when you get older you can
14:59
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
make it
15:00
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Invention yourself,
15:00
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
if you think about some way to make life easier or more convenient.
15:04
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
15:05
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
let's move on.
15:06
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
15:07
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
we have our word matching exercise here.
15:10
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We have our words and we have our definitions.
15:13
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We need to match them together.
15:15
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Let's take a look at the words.
15:16
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Remember,
15:17
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
some of these are kind of long,
15:19
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but many of them end in t -i -o -n,
15:22
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
shun.
15:22
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Let's practice.
15:23
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Invention,
15:25
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
invention.
15:26
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Tool,
15:28
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
that's easy,
15:29
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right? Tool.
15:31
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Education.
15:32
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Information.
15:36
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Communication.
15:41
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Communication.
15:43
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Machine.
15:46
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
15:51
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
those are our words.
15:52
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Let's match them to the definitions.
15:54
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Number one.
15:55
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
A thing that helps people do a job.
15:59
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So it's a thing that helps you do a job,
16:02
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
very specifically.
16:03
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So think about the examples I gave you.
16:05
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
A pencil,
16:06
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
a piece of paper,
16:08
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right?
16:08
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We saw the paintbrush,
16:10
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
we saw the wrench.
16:13
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
is a thing that helps people do a job.
16:15
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Of these words,
16:16
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
what can we say?
16:17
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We can say a tool.
16:19
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
A tool is a thing that helps people do a job.
16:22
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Now,
16:23
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
it's true, if you chose invention,
16:25
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
that could also be an answer,
16:27
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right?
16:28
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
But tool is a better choice for this because invention
16:32
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
has a special meaning.
16:33
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We'll talk about that in a little bit.
16:35
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
16:36
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but tool is specifically a thing that helps people do a job.
16:40
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay, number two,
16:41
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
facts or details that you know about something.
16:45
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So if you have some knowledge,
16:49
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you have facts or details in your mind,
16:53
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and you know those facts or details,
16:56
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you know that about something.
16:57
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
What are those facts and details?
17:00
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
What do we call that,
17:01
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
right?
17:01
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
If you have those facts or details in your mind,
17:04
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
and you want to tell somebody,
17:06
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you say,
17:06
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
I want to inform you.
17:09
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So what's the noun form?
17:10
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Of course,
17:11
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
it's information.
17:12
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The facts and details that you have in your mind,
17:15
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
that is information.
17:18
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
That is information.
17:20
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Information is non -count.
17:22
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Don't say informations.
17:23
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
But we say those facts and details,
17:26
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
that is information.
17:28
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
17:29
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
number three.
17:30
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
Something new or a new way of doing something.
17:34
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So something new or a new way of doing something,
17:38
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
that of course,
17:39
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
when you invent something,
17:42
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you have made an invention.
17:44
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
That's invention.
17:46
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So of course an invention can be a tool,
17:49
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
but when it's first invented,
17:51
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
when it's new and it's a new way of doing something,
17:55
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
We say, of course,
17:56
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
it's an invention.
17:57
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
That's a particular meaning right there because it's new.
18:00
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
It's a new way of doing something or it's something new that you made.
18:04
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Okay,
18:05
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
let's move on to number four.
18:06
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
The way people share ideas and exchange information.
18:11
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
So you want to share ideas with somebody.
18:14
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You want to exchange information.
18:16
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
You want to communicate with somebody.
18:20
S… Speaker 1 (31049714809-1-192)
Of course,
18:21
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
the way that you communicate is called...
18:25
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
communication communication that's the way the method that
18:29
S… Speaker 2 (31049714809-1-192)
you share ideas or exchange information we call that communication

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