Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1)

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Alright, so good afternoon everyone.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Welcome to our genetics class.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So today po is,

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S… Speaker 2 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ano na,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

today po is October.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Anong date ngayon?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

It's October 26,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

2026,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So we're already in the last week of October.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So I hope everyone,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

are safe and of course are in

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

good health okay right so before we proceed class

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

let's have first the recap now but we have discussed last meeting

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay so last meeting now you were able to to know about the translation

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and of course the the genetic code no and

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

you learn that the translation is actually the process na

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

kung saan yung ribosomes po natin reads the genetic information

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

in messenger RNA and uses it to build

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

polypeptide.

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S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So yung messenger RNA natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they carries the instruction.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And you have learned that it is read in the

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

5' to 3' direction through 3

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

base codons.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

While yung transfer RNA naman po natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

They brings the correct amino acids using its anti -codone.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So yung ribosome po natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ito po ay made of rRNA and proteins.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And it coordinates the process through three stages.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So you're able to learn the three stages such as the initiation

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

na kung saan dito nagsistart yung translation

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

natin.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And then it will be followed by the elongation.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

where the amino acids are added through peptide bonds.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And of course,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the last one is the termination,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

where a stop codon signals the end.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So after the translation,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

you were able to learn the polypeptide folds into

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

its proper shape to become functional,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

while cellular quality control mechanisms help manage errors

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and misfolded proteins.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So overall,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

if you can recall,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

si mRNA siya yung nagbibigay ng instruction and then si tRNA

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

naman, it brings the building blocks and then the ribosome builds the

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

polypeptide.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

for today po,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we will be learning about the other topic which is all about the

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene regulation in prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, we will be guided,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no, by our learning objectives for today,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, first po,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we will identify,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no, what is the gene regulation,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

of course,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

why is it important,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We will also talk about how prokaryotic cells regulate gene expression

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and then the mechanisms,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no, okay,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

of the gene regulation in eukaryotes.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We will also differentiate the regulations in

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

prokaryotes versus eukaryotes and,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

of course, the different transcription factors that

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

control cellular responses and,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

of course, evaluate the impact of epigenetics on gene

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

expression and the different implications of gene regulation.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

May it be in our health,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

environment,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and biotechnology.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So...

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Before we proceed,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

let's have first be guided with our question

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

for today.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

if all cells in your body share the same DNA,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

why do neurons and skin cells behave so differently?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

take a moment to think about that.

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S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, I'll give you,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

I think, siguro mga one minute to think.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, siguro you can pause this video.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, alright.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ayan,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no? Let's go back.

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S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to answer that question,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we need first to identify,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we need first to learn about the neurons.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

pag sinabi kasi in neuron class,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we are talking...

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

about the specialized for receiving

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and transmitting electrical signals.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

While yung skin cells po natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

it is specialized for forming a protective barrier.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So they have very different structures and functions.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

But here's the interesting part class.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

They generally contain the same genome.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So if yung DNA natin is essentially the same,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

what makes these cells different?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So dyan papasok yung tinatawag natin na

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene expression.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

when we talk about gene expression,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we are talking about the process kung saan it is

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the cells control which genes are expressed.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And when they are expressed,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

how much of their products are produced.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And this is one of the most important ideas that I want you to

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

remember throughout our discussion today.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

having a gene doesn't necessarily mean na yung gene natin

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

is active.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

you can think of the DNA class as containing a very

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

large collection of instruction.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

a cell doesn't need to use every instruction

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

at the same time.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, instead,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

anong nangyayari?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

It selectively uses the instructions that are relevant

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to its particular function.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

For example,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung neuron natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

di ba?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

For example,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

yung neurons,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

They need to produce proteins that allow it to communicate with

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

other neurons.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

The same goes with the skin cell.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, yung skin cell po natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

on the other hand,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they need to produce proteins that contribute to the structure and protective

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

function of the skin.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

although they have the same genetic information.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Anong nangyayari?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

They express different sets of genes.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that leads us to our first major idea.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Genes regulation explains cell

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

specialization.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

during development,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

yung cells po,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they become specialized because different genes are turned

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

on or turned off in different cells.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So this differential gene expression class,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

it allows cells to develop different structures

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and perform different functions.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And here's another important point.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Hindi po lahat ng genes ay active at the same time.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

In fact,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

yung mga cells po natin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they carefully regulate gene expression depending

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

on their needs.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Nakadepende po yun sa pangangailangan nila and of course their

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

developmental stage and the signals they receive from their environment.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So when we say that cells choose which

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

genes to express,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we do not mean that the cell is consciously making a

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

decision.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Rather,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we are using choose as a simple way of describing

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the highly regulated,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Highly regulated.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

molecular mechanisms that determine which genes are

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

expressed.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And because different cells express different genes,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we get an incredible diversity of cell types

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and function.

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S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So isipin ninyo yung katawan ninyo.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Our human body.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Diba?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Meron tayong neurons.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We also have muscle cells.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

May mga liver cells tayo,

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pancreatic cells,

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immune cells,

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and many others.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they all contain essentially the same genome.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

But their patterns of gene expression are different.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that different in gene expression is a major reason kung

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

bakit yung mga cells po na rin,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they can look and function so differently.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Now, this is not only important for understanding what

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

makes a neuron different from a skin cell.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung gene regulation po natin is also essential

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for developmental and adaptation.

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So as an organism develops from a single fertilized

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cell into a complex multicellular organisms,

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they must continuously regulate which genes

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

are expressed.

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So that helps.

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Guide processes,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Such as yung cells differentiation,

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

okay?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Ano pa ba?

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S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Tissue formation and organ development.

9:49

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

9:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

9:51

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

they can also adjust,

9:52

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no?

9:52

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

In response to changes in their environment.

9:56

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

9:57

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

10:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Inexpression is not simply a fixed process.

10:02

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

It can be regulated according to what the cell needs.

10:06

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

But here's where this becomes especially important

10:10

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class in medicine.

10:12

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Gene regulation is disrupted.

10:16

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So the consequences can be serious.

10:19

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

10:19

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

10:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

for example, abnormal regulation of

10:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

genes involved in cell division can contribute to cancer.

10:27

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

10:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

10:29

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

changes in the regulation of genes involved

10:33

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

in metabolism can also contribute to certain metabolic.

10:38

S… Speaker 5 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

disorders.

10:39

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So when we study gene regulation class,

10:42

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we are not just studying an abstract molecular

10:47

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

mechanism inside a cell.

10:48

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We're also studying processes that are directly connected

10:53

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to the development.

10:57

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

diseases and human biology.

11:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And ultimately,

11:02

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene regulation is central to understanding life

11:06

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

at the molecular level.

11:08

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

11:09

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Because when we ask questions

11:13

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

like bakit po yung mga cells natin may particular

11:18

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

function sila,

11:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

bakit sila nagre -respond sa particular signal and develop into a

11:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

special cell or even anong mangyayari kapag something goes

11:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

wrong inside the cell.

11:29

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So we often end up coming back to one fundamental questions

11:35

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

kung saan genes are being expressed and

11:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

when they are being expressed,

11:42

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

how is that expression being controlled?

11:46

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that is exactly what we're going to explore in

11:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

this lesson.

11:52

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Now,

11:57

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

let's talk about the different levels of gene

12:01

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

expression.

12:02

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

At what stages can gene actively be

12:06

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

controlled?

12:06

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Since we have already understood why gene regulation

12:11

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

is pointed, let's move to the next question.

12:14

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

At what stages can be...

12:18

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

can gene activity be controlled?

12:21

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

12:22

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

If yung cells natin needs to

12:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

regulate a gene,

12:27

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

does it only control whether DNA is transcribed into RNA?

12:31

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Of course,

12:33

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

not necessarily,

12:34

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

di ba?

12:34

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

In fact,

12:35

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the cell has multiple opportunities to regulate

12:39

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene expression.

12:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

12:41

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

From the beginning of transcription all the way to the final

12:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

protein product.

12:47

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So first thing that we need to remember,

12:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class, when we talk about levels of gene regulation is the transcriptional

12:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

control.

12:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So itong transcriptional control natin,

12:59

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class, we are talking about the regulation

13:04

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

of whether a particular gene is transcribed from DNA

13:09

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to RNA.

13:17

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, in simple terms,

13:19

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the cell can control,

13:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

di ba, whether a gene is turned on or turned off,

13:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

or more accurately,

13:25

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

how actively it is transcribed.

13:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

For example,

13:29

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

if a cell doesn't need a particular protein,

13:33

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

it can prevent or reduce the transcription of the gene encoding

13:38

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

that protein.

13:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, this is an important control point because if transcription

13:44

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

doesn't happen,

13:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

anong mangyayari?

13:47

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Of course,

13:48

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

there may be no RNA available to serve

13:52

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

as the template for protein production.

13:54

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

But regulation doesn't stop once RNA

13:59

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

has been produced.

14:01

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that brings us to our second level,

14:05

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

which is the post -

14:08

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

transcriptional control.

14:10

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

14:11

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

14:12

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ano naman yung trabaho ni post -transcriptional

14:16

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

control?

14:17

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

14:17

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

itong post -transcriptional control natin,

14:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class, we are talking about the,

14:22

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

di ba,

14:25

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

after transcription,

14:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the initial RNA transcript often needs to be processed

14:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

before it can function as a mature mRNA.

14:33

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And this is where mechanism,

14:35

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no, such as RNA

14:40

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

14:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Splicing becomes important.

14:45

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

14:47

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

14:49

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

remember,

14:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

in our eukaryotic genes class,

14:53

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the initial RNA transcript can contain introns.

15:00

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

15:04

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

itong entrance na to,

15:05

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

it is being removed.

15:08

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

15:09

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And then,

15:11

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

itong exons natin,

15:12

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class.

15:13

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Exons.

15:15

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

15:17

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Remember,

15:18

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class, si entrance,

15:19

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

nare -remove po yan,

15:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ha?

15:21

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Nare -remove siya during this process.

15:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And then,

15:25

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

yung mga exons natin,

15:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

class, they are joined together.

15:29

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

15:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

They are joined together.

15:34

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to form immature mRNA.

15:37

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So through mechanism such

15:41

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

as alternative splicing,

15:44

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

one gene can potentially produce different mRNA

15:49

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

variants and consequently different protein products.

15:52

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

15:54

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So, RNA can also undergo other forms of

15:59

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

processing and editing that can influence what protein is

16:03

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ultimately produced.

16:04

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

16:05

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

even after a gene has been transcribed,

16:07

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

anong mangyayari?

16:08

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung cellphone nila has the opportunities to regulate what

16:12

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

happens to that RNA.

16:16

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

16:17

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Now,

16:18

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

let's say we already have a mature mRNA.

16:21

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Is the protein automatically produced?

16:25

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Of course,

16:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

not necessarily,

16:27

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

no?

16:27

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that brings us to the third level,

16:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

which is the translational control.

16:34

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

16:35

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

16:37

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

dito, class,

16:38

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

sa translational control natin,

16:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

the cell regulates whether and

16:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

how efficiently an mRNA is translated

16:49

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

into a protein.

16:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

16:51

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

remember our basic flow,

16:52

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

diba?

16:54

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung sa central dogma natin.

16:56

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

16:56

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

The DNA,

16:58

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

RNA,

17:01

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

protein.

17:04

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Diba?

17:08

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Remember ninyo.

17:11

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung transcription natin,

17:13

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

diba?

17:15

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gets us from DNA to RNA

17:19

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

while translation gets us from RNA to

17:23

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

protein.

17:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So translational regulation controls that

17:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

second major step.

17:29

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

17:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

A cell might have an mRNA present but

17:34

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

translation of that mRNA can still be reduced,

17:39

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

increased,

17:39

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

or regulated depending on the cell's needs.

17:43

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And even after the protein has been synthesized,

17:46

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we're still not finished.

17:48

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that leads us to post -translational

17:53

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

control.

17:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

17:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So,

17:56

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

dito lang sa post -translational control.

18:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Once a polypeptide is produced,

18:02

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

anong mangyayari?

18:03

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

It may need to fold into the correct 3D structure,

18:07

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

if you remember our discussion previously,

18:10

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and may undergo chemical modifications before it

18:14

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

becomes fully functional.

18:15

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that modifications can include processes

18:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

such as yung mga...

18:22

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Pospirelation,

18:24

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

glycosylation,

18:25

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

acetylation,

18:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

or cleavage,

18:27

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

depending on the particular protein.

18:29

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

18:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So this cell can regulate not only whether a protein is

18:34

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

produced, but also whether that protein becomes active,

18:38

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

where it goes,

18:39

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

how long it remains active,

18:42

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

and when it is degraded.

18:44

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

18:44

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Now,

18:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

notice something important here.

18:49

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Yung gene regulation natin isn't just about whether a

18:54

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene is expressed.

18:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

It is also about when and where that

18:59

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene is expressed.

19:01

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

19:02

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

And that brings us to temporal regulation.

19:07

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

19:09

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Pag sinabi natin temporal class,

19:13

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

what does it mean?

19:14

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We are talking about the time.

19:16

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Correct?

19:16

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We are talking about the time.

19:19

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

19:25

S… Speaker 6 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Alright.

19:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So temporal,

19:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

that means we are talking about time.

19:30

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So temporal regulation refers

19:35

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

to controlling when a gene is expressed.

19:39

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

19:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

A particular gene might be highly expressed during

19:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

embryonic development but much less active in an adult cell.

19:50

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

19:50

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Or a gene may only be activated in response to a particular

19:55

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

situation or signal.

19:56

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So timing matters.

19:58

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

But there's another dimension.

20:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

20:00

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

The spatial regulation.

20:03

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

20:04

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So ano naman yung pinakaiba ng spatial regulation to temporal?

20:08

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So spatial,

20:10

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

ibig sabihin,

20:11

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we're talking about location.

20:13

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

20:14

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

We're talking about location.

20:17

S… Speaker 3 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

20:20

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So it refers to controlling where a

20:25

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

gene is expressed.

20:26

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Saan po ba i -express yung mga genes natin?

20:28

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

For example,

20:29

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

a particular gene might be expressed in liver cells

20:33

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

but not in neurons or expressed in muscle tissue

20:37

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

but not in skin cells.

20:39

S… Speaker 4 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

Okay?

20:40

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

So again,

20:41

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

when we talk about when

20:45

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

is the gene expressed,

20:47

S… Speaker 1 (Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1))

we are talking about temporal regulation.

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1)

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