Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1)

Zvučnici

• Speaker 1 0:29
• Speaker 2 0:37
• Speaker 3 1:35
• Speaker 4 2:08
• Speaker 5 10:38
• Speaker 6 19:25
• Speaker 7 39:38
• Speaker 8 1:18:44

1. 0:29

   Poglavlje 1: Alright, so good afternoon everyone. 66s · Speaker 1

   Alright, so good afternoon everyone. Welcome to our genetics class. So today po is, ano na, today po is October. Anong date ngayon? It's October 26, 2026, okay? So we're already in the last week of October. So I hope everyone, okay? are saf…

2. 1:35

   Poglavlje 2: Okay? So yung messenger RNA natin, they carries the instruction. 302s · Speaker 3

   Okay? So yung messenger RNA natin, they carries the instruction. And you have learned that it is read in the 5' to 3' direction through 3 base codons. While yung transfer RNA naman po natin, They brings the correct amino acids using its ant…

3. 6:37

   Poglavlje 3: other neurons. 239s · Speaker 1

   other neurons. Okay? The same goes with the skin cell. So, yung skin cell po natin, on the other hand, they need to produce proteins that contribute to the structure and protective function of the skin. Okay? So, although they have the same…

4. 10:38

   Poglavlje 4: disorders. 74s · Speaker 5

   disorders. So when we study gene regulation class, we are not just studying an abstract molecular mechanism inside a cell. We're also studying processes that are directly connected to the development. diseases and human biology. And ultimat…

5. 11:52

   Poglavlje 5: Now, let's talk about the different levels of gene expression. 137s · Speaker 3

   Now, let's talk about the different levels of gene expression. At what stages can gene actively be controlled? Since we have already understood why gene regulation is pointed, let's move to the next question. At what stages can be... can ge…

6. 14:10

   Poglavlje 6: Okay? So, ano naman yung trabaho ni post -transcriptional control? 302s · Speaker 4

   Okay? So, ano naman yung trabaho ni post -transcriptional control? So, itong post -transcriptional control natin, class, we are talking about the, di ba, after transcription, the initial RNA transcript often needs to be processed before it …

7. 19:13

   Poglavlje 7: what does it mean? 289s · Speaker 1

   what does it mean? We are talking about the time. Correct? We are talking about the time. Okay? Alright. So temporal, that means we are talking about time. So temporal regulation refers to controlling when a gene is expressed. Okay? A parti…

8. 24:02

   Poglavlje 8: So... How do bacteria survive by turning genes on and off quickly? 300s · Speaker 5

   So... How do bacteria survive by turning genes on and off quickly? Okay? So think about the environment of a bacterium. Okay? Yung bacterium, it doesn't always have a stable supply of nutrients. Okay? The available food source can change, t…

9. 29:03

   Poglavlje 9: Okay? Adaptation. 76s · Speaker 4

   Okay? Adaptation. Kapag yung environment po natin, class, changes, yung bacteria po can change. which genes are expressed, allowing it to adjust in its metabolism and behavior. So in a way, gene regulation gives the bacteria a molecular mec…

10. 30:19

    Poglavlje 10: Okay? So, How do bacteria survive by turning genes on and off quickly? 307s · Speaker 3

    Okay? So, How do bacteria survive by turning genes on and off quickly? Okay, so the answer for that is what we call the operons, no? They can organize functionally related genes into regulatory units and allows the coordinated expression of…

11. 35:26

    Poglavlje 11: transacetylase transacetylase seti place. 74s · Speaker 1

    transacetylase transacetylase seti place. Okay? Nakusaan itong Tiogalactoside transacetylase, it participates in lactose -related metabolism. Although, its precise physiological roles is less central to lactose utilization than lactose and …

12. 36:41

    Poglavlje 12: It would continuously produce all of these proteins. 177s · Speaker 5

    It would continuously produce all of these proteins. Of course, hindi, di ba? That would be a waste of cellular resources. Okay? And that's where, okay, the lock L repressor becomes important. Okay? Ayan. Itong LL pressure natin, sila po ay…

13. 39:38

    Poglavlje 13: Okay? Now, there's another layer that makes the lac operon even more interesting. 300s · Speaker 7

    Okay? Now, there's another layer that makes the lac operon even more interesting. Okay? So, the lac operon is not regulated only by negative regulation. It can also be influenced by positive regulation, particularly... through the availabil…

14. 44:39

    Poglavlje 14: If beyond that time na, for example, 7 . 104s · Speaker 1

    If beyond that time na, for example, 7 .31 and onwards, okay, maka -receive na lang kayo ng 2 ,500 points. 731. Onwards. Nagigets po ba? So, I hope, no? Clear ito sa NBI. Alright? So, ayan. Ayan yung agreement natin, no? But this is our sec…

15. 46:24

    Poglavlje 15: Okay? For this, we will look at the TRP operon which regulates the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. 96s · Speaker 6

    Okay? For this, we will look at the TRP operon which regulates the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. Okay? So, the lac operon class and the TRP operon solve opposite kinds of problem. Okay? So, kung kanina si lac operon helps the bact…

16. 48:00

    Poglavlje 16: Therefore, the TRP operand is generally on when tryptophan is scarce. 61s · Speaker 5

    Therefore, the TRP operand is generally on when tryptophan is scarce. Okay? Bakit? Kasi the cell needs the enzyme required to synthesize more tryptophan. But now, let's imagine that tryptophan becomes abundant. Does the bacterium continue p…

17. 49:02

    Poglavlje 17: okay, it acts as co -presor, co -re -presor. 236s · Speaker 3

    okay, it acts as co -presor, co -re -presor. Okay? Pag sinabi natin corepressor class, we are talking about a small molecule that helps a repressor protein bind to DNA and inhibit transcription. So when tryptophan levels are low, the TRP re…

18. 52:58

    Poglavlje 18: Okay? Nagigits po? 68s · Speaker 7

    Okay? Nagigits po? So, again, the cell doesn't want not to waste ATP, amino acid, enzymes, or other. Okay? or either a cloud. or add resources producing something it already has in sufficient amount. So, the TRP operands allows the cell to …

19. 54:07

    Poglavlje 19: Okay? So, the final product participates in controlling its own synthesis. 70s · Speaker 5

    Okay? So, the final product participates in controlling its own synthesis. And this is an example of a broader biological principle. The output of a pathway can help regulate the pathway itself. Okay? And this is extremely useful for mainta…

20. 55:18

    Poglavlje 20: Okay? There are more layers of regulation. 97s · Speaker 7

    Okay? There are more layers of regulation. So, in eukaryotic gene regulation, it can actually occur from what organelles, okay? Or what structure. So, it can occur, no, in a chromatin. Chromatin structure, okay? All the way to the final pro…

21. 56:55

    Poglavlje 21: Okay? So, sa chromatin structure class, yung eukaryotic DNA natin is associated with proteins. 204s · Speaker 4

    Okay? So, sa chromatin structure class, yung eukaryotic DNA natin is associated with proteins. Okay? So, ano po bang protein yun? Yun yung mga tinatawag natin na mga histones. Okay? So, yung histones na to class, it can actually form, no? i…

22. 1:00:19

    Poglavlje 22: um, previously, no? 258s · Speaker 2

    um, previously, no? Previous discussion natin. The initial RNA transcript or the pre -mRNA natin, di ba? Nag -undergo siya ng processing before becoming mature mRNA. Okay? And that includes processes such as 5 -prime capping. Okay? Kung map…

23. 1:04:38

    Poglavlje 23: Okay? Active po yung gene transcription natin dito. 132s · Speaker 3

    Okay? Active po yung gene transcription natin dito. Okay? On the other hand, dito po sa heterochromatin, okay, it is more tightly packed. Ibig sabihin po, Okay? Kapag yung DNA natin is tightly packed, the transcriptional machinery has less …

24. 1:06:51

    Poglavlje 24: of course, mass less restrictive sila. 296s · Speaker 5

    of course, mass less restrictive sila. Okay? So it makes the chromatin more open and accessible to transcriptional machinery. Nagigits po. And this is one of the reasons why histone modifications are considered an important part of epigenet…

25. 1:11:47

    Poglavlje 25: Okay? So, changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin organization have been associated with various diseases, including yung mga cancer and developmental disorder. 300s · Speaker 2

    Okay? So, changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin organization have been associated with various diseases, including yung mga cancer and developmental disorder. Okay? So, nagigits po. Alright. So again, that leads us…

26. 1:16:47

    Poglavlje 26: transcription factors with the general transcription machinery. 98s · Speaker 1

    transcription factors with the general transcription machinery. Okay? So, ultimately, no, that helps... influence, okay? The activity of the RNA polymerase 1 or sorry, polymerase 2 na kung saan ito yung mga enzymes responsible for transcrib…

27. 1:18:25

    Poglavlje 27: Okay? They are part of a large regulatory network that integrates signals and coordinates gene expression. 301s · Speaker 3

    Okay? They are part of a large regulatory network that integrates signals and coordinates gene expression. Okay po? So, I hope it is clear na po, no, on your end. Okay? So, now, since we have already talked about those things, no. Let's hav…

28. 1:23:27

    Poglavlje 28: but also tissue -specific gene expression. 245s · Speaker 1

    but also tissue -specific gene expression. Okay? Now, this process has to be highly accurate. So what happens if splicing goes wrong? Okay? So again, incorrect splicing can produce abnormal mRNAs and consequently abnormal or non -functional…

29. 1:27:33

    Poglavlje 29: So, pwede po itong mag -lead to degradation of the target mRNA. 301s · Speaker 5

    So, pwede po itong mag -lead to degradation of the target mRNA. Okay po? So, they can do both, no, yung micro and then si small interfering RNA po natin. They can therefore produce gene expression. Okay? Now, we have another group, no, call…

30. 1:32:35

    Poglavlje 30: control DNA accessibility while transcription factors self -activate or repress genes. 93s · Speaker 1

    control DNA accessibility while transcription factors self -activate or repress genes. And then RNA processing adds another layer of control and non -coding RNAs help fine -tune gene expression. So the big idea here is gene regulation allow…

31. 1:34:09

    Poglavlje 31: so, pakisend lang po sa GC natin ng word na Dan Watching. 65s · Speaker 5

    so, pakisend lang po sa GC natin ng word na Dan Watching. Okay. Dan Watching Week 11. Okay. Gene regulation. So, ito lang. Itachet na sa GC natin after nyo mapanood to. Okay. So, once makapag -send po kayo during our time from 4 .30 to 7 .3…

32. 1:35:16

    Poglavlje 32: Alright. So, bahala kayo kung hindi nyo ito pinapanood. 71s · Speaker 6

    Alright. So, bahala kayo kung hindi nyo ito pinapanood. Okay. So, ayan. Thank you so much, class, for listening and I hope you learned something for today's discussion. Okay. So, again, send nilang po. Done watching W11 gene regulation. Alr…