The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History

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This is a map of the 574 federally recognized tribal nations

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in what's now known as the United States.

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And there's something weird about it.

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Well,

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there's a lot of things weird about it,

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but let's look at this one.

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A full 40 % of those tribes are in Alaska alone.

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And hold on,

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none of them are in Hawaii?

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What's going on here?

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Hi,

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I'm Che Jim and welcome to Crash Course Native American History.

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In many ways,

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Alaska and Hawaii are exceptions.

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They're the only two U .S.

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states that are non -contiguous or not connected to the mainland.

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And the relationships between their native populations and the U .S.

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government are pretty unique,

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both in comparison to the other 48 states and to each other.

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Let's start with Alaska,

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which is huge.

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It's bigger than Texas,

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California,

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and Montana combined.

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If it's not the negative 50 -degree winters that'll get you,

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it'll be the mosquito -filled summers when the sun never goes down.

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But Alaskan natives have thrived here for at least 10 ,000 years,

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living not just on these lands,

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but with them.

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Traditionally,

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they've oriented their lives around a subsistence lifestyle of hunting,

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fishing,

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and gathering with the seasons.

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The native nations of Alaska fall into five major cultural groups.

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each with their own distinct languages,

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customs,

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art forms,

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and histories.

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And they're divided pretty evenly across the state.

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You've got the Athabaskans,

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or Denna, in the interior,

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the Inupia and St.

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Lawrence Island, Yupik in the north,

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the Yupik and Chupik in the southwest,

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the Aliyu and Elutik in this southern stretch of islands,

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and the Haida,

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Tlingit, Shimshehan,

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and Eyak peoples along the southeastern coast.

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Alaskan natives?

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Assemble.

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In some ways,

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these tribes' experiences of colonization mirror what happened to Native people down

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south.

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They've dealt with disease,

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forced conversion to Christianity,

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and a devastating loss of land,

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culture, and lives.

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But in other ways,

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what happened to Alaska is its own unique story.

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For starters,

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their first colonizers were Russians.

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Alaska natives' relationship with Uncle Sam didn't begin until 1867,

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when the U .S.

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purchased Alaska from Russia for $7 .2 million,

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which comes out to about two cents

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an acre.

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That'd be a pretty good deal if the land wasn't,

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you know, stolen.

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Over the next few decades,

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Alaska became a military district,

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then a mining district,

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then in 1912,

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a U .S.

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territory.

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But all the while,

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Alaskan natives were like,

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hello,

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this land is still ours?

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They never had actually ceded the land in a treaty or lost

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it in a war.

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Russia just kind of moved in.

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So Alaskan natives claimed what the U .S.

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had purchased wasn't actually the land itself,

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but the right to negotiate for it with them.

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Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,

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Alaskan natives declared their right to the land as its original occupants through

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legal assertions called land claims.

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But these were never fully resolved.

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For the most part,

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the U .S.

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didn't force Alaskan natives off the land like they'd done to so many native people in

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the lower 48.

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But that doesn't mean they were treated any better.

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For three years during World War II,

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the U .S.

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forced over 800 Aliou into squalid internment camps,

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where many died.

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I'm going to pause for a moment and let that sink in.

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All over,

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Alaskan natives faced overt discrimination from settlers.

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Businesses commonly posted signs like no natives allowed and

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natives need not apply,

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a practice that wasn't banned until a Tlingit activist,

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Elizabeth Peratrovich,

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campaigned the state to pass an anti -discrimination law in 1945.

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When Alaska finally became the 49th state in 1959,

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the Alaska Statehood Act recognized the natives' claim to land titles they

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already held.

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So that's good.

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But the act also said the state could claim any 104 million

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acres of public land it wanted,

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so long as it was vacant,

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unappropriated,

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and unreserved.

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But since Alaska natives never ceded their lands,

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to say that any land was unappropriated and unreserved was a

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stretch.

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Often, the lands the state called dibs on were traditional hunting and fishing areas

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near native villages.

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Understandably,

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many Alaskan natives felt downright disrespected by these actions.

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So in 1966,

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more than 400 representatives from 17 native organizations formed

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the Alaska Federation of Natives with the goal of filing land claims

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all over the state.

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They pushed for a land freeze,

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demanding no new claims by the state until native land claims were settled,

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and the U .S.

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government agreed.

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Then, in 1971,

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a groundbreaking settlement was reached,

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the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act,

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or the ANCSA.

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Alaska Natives agreed to give up their claim of the whole state,

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all 360 million acres.

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return they'd receive a smaller slice 43 .7 million

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acres and 962 .5 million dollars.

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That land and money would be split among a bunch of newly formed corporations

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which Alaskan natives could use to benefit native communities.

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No native nation in the lower 48 had done anything like this.

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It was powerful but the tribes still weren't federally recognized nations

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which matters a lot for issues of sovereignty or the ability to self -govern.

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There's much more on tribal sovereignty in episode two.

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Throughout the 1980s,

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Native Alaskan communities advocated for this recognition in state courts.

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Until finally,

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in 1993,

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the U .S.

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government recognized all Alaskan Native entities,

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meaning all those corporations,

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as officially sovereign governments with the same protections,

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powers,

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and limitations as any other federally recognized Native nation.

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And that's why today,

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a whopping 229 of the 574 federally

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recognized Native nations in the U .S.

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are in Alaska.

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Weird,

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but true.

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Now, let's fly over to Hawaii.

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The story here is kind of the opposite.

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There are no fairly recognized native nations,

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and it might surprise you to learn that many native Hawaiians don't want there to be.

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But to understand why,

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we've got to wrap our heads around their unique relationship with the United States.

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Native Hawaiians,

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who call themselves Kanaka Maoli,

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are the descendants of Polynesian navigators who arrived on the islands more

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than 2 ,000 years ago.

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They developed specialized ways of thriving there.

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like slashing burning and rotating patches of jungle as gardens and

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building canals and terraces that directed water towards their crops and the kanaka

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maoli have nurtured a profound connection to these islands to this day many

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keep relationships with ancestral spirits or omokuwa thought

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to sometimes take the form of plants rocks and animals and they recite

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the kumulipo a creation chant that describes how the universe began from

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an enormous burst of heat giving rise to day and night

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earth and sky,

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male and female,

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and a whole family tree of life.

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But as soon as the first Europeans set foot on the islands

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in 1778,

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more and more Western settlers swept in.

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And in an all too familiar story,

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they brought diseases that wiped out over 80 % of the native population.

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Yes,

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unfortunately,

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you heard that right.

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80%.

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Throughout the 19th century,

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S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

those settlers and their descendants accumulated more influence,

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land, and wealth,

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growing rich off of sugar plantations.

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S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

And as the turn of the century approached,

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they took it to the next level.

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See,

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in 1891,

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Lili Obukalani became the Kingdom of Hawaii's first and last

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queen.

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Her power was limited,

7:45

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though, because a few years prior,

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a militia of white businessmen had forced her brother,

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literally at gunpoint,

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to sign away much of it,

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including native voting rights,

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while simultaneously giving voting rights to white land -owning non -citizens.

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Their ultimate goal?

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Make Kauai a U .S.

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territory and reap the profit.

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Liliu Owokalani,

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though, refused to recognize these limitations and worked to restore power to the Kanaka

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Maori.

8:08

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But then,

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in 1893,

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members of a secret society invaded the palace,

8:13

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backed by over 160 US troops.

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Lili Owokalani,

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fearing war if she didn't comply with their demands,

8:21

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gave up her authority.

8:22

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

While all that was happening,

8:24

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

white elites had been working to Americanize Hawaii,

8:26

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turning the palace into their government's central headquarters,

8:29

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requiring English in schools,

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S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

and generally trying to cover up any evidence that the Kanaka Maoli were ever

8:35

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sovereign at all.

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In 1898,

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the U .S.

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officially annexed Hawaii,

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claiming it as a U .S.

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territory.

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Congress claimed the Hawaiian government was 100 % on board

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with ceding sovereignty,

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even though over 21 ,000 Kanaka Maoli citizens had

8:51

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petitioned against it.

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Over the next 60 years,

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U .S.

8:55

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citizens from the mainland moved in droves to Hawaii,

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eventually outnumbering natives.

9:00

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And in 1959,

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when the U .S.

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popped the big,

9:03

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do you want to become a state question,

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93 % of voters said yes.

9:08

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But remember,

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many of those voters were U .S.

9:11

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citizens from the mainland,

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not natives.

9:14

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And some native scholars and activists argue that the vote didn't follow

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international rules laid out by the United Nations,

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like offering independence as a third option on the ballot.

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Fast forward to 1993,

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100 years after a secret club took over a kingdom,

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the US Congress apologized for how it all went down.

9:33

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They acknowledged that the Americans had conspired illegally to take over a lawful

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government, and that the Kanaka Maoli never directly gave up their land

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or their sovereignty.

9:42

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Symbolically,

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apologizing was a huge step,

9:45

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but legally,

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it didn't change anything.

9:48

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

In 2009,

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the Supreme Court ruled that acknowledging the state of Hawaii's crooked origin story

9:53

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

hadn't created any new rights for the Kanaka Maoli or restored any

9:57

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claims over their lands.

9:58

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Today,

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they still don't have formal federal recognition as a sovereign nation.

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It was all sizzle,

10:04

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no steak.

10:06

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

And the Kanaka Maoli are divided on if they even want federal recognition.

10:10

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Those in favor say it would make it easier to address inequality and advocate for native

10:14

S… Speaker 2 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

interests.

10:15

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

But those opposed often argue that the Kingdom of Hawaii still exists.

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It was,

10:20

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and is,

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illegally occupied.

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Many say that accepting federal recognition would mean giving up the goal of

10:26

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

becoming a truly independent nation once more.

10:30

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

So it's a complicated situation.

10:32

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

Like other Native people in the lower 48,

10:35

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

both the Kanuka Maoli and Alaskan Natives have faced political marginalization

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and discrimination.

10:40

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

They've weathered systematic efforts to get rid of their language and

10:44

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culture.

10:45

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

And compared to white Americans,

10:47

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they face higher rates of poverty and preventable illness and have more trouble

10:51

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

accessing health care and education.

10:53

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

The Kanuka Maui and Alaskan Native's relationship with the U .S.

10:57

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

have taken very different courses from those of many other Native nations,

11:01

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

and that's given rise to totally unique legal situations.

11:04

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

The more we learn about them,

11:06

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

the better we can understand the diversity of Native American history and Native

11:10

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

life today.

11:10

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

In our next episode,

11:12

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

we're going to talk about Indigenous women's history,

11:15

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

and I will see you then.

11:16

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Native American History,

11:20

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

which was filmed at our studio in Indianapolis,

11:22

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

Indiana, and was made with the help of all these nice people.

11:25

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever,

11:28

S… Speaker 1 (The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History)

you can join our community on Patreon.

The History of Alaskan and Hawaiian Statehood- Ep 18 of Crash Course Native American History

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