истрия англии и сша

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He was not the first king of England,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this is absolutely correct.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So you have to understand that although he

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was the first, he was the first in his dynasty,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

with his,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William was the first name used by

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Monarchs in England,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but he was not the first king of England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Why do we start with him?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

There were many more before.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He had the English history did

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

not extract England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He conquered England,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

that's why he is called William the Conqueror,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but for us it

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

is important to remember that he laid

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the foundation for the current legal system.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Starting with his reign,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

we can trace the formation of the legal system that exists

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

today.

1:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

That's why we start with the reign of Yemen.

1:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But you have to understand that he was not the first king in the attack.

1:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And of course,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I'm going to use the term,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

because there was no United Kingdom at that time.

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S… Speaker 2 (истрия англии и сша)

conquerabut?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Conquerabut.

1:29

S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

Let's look at the text.

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S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

You see?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Conquest.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

As soon as conqueror and as soon as conqueror.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Our own.

1:40

S… Speaker 4 (истрия англии и сша)

Our own.

1:40

S… Speaker 4 (истрия англии и сша)

Our own.

1:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So we start with this conquest.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

In 1066,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

a number of events took place in England

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

that led to the conquest of England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The first important event was connected with

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the death of Edward the Confessor in January

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

1066.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

King Edward the Confessor,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

whose picture you

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

can see, if possible,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

we can't see the portrait.

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S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

in the 11th century.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This is the way he was portrayed by his nation.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Edward the Confessor in Russian,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Edoardo Spolini,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

died in January 1066.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So basically this,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there was nothing unusual in that,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

apart from the fact that Edward left no heirs.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he left no heirs.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What is an heir?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And logically

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the country could not exist without the

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

new king as there was no relative,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

no heir.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This led to a political crisis.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the political crisis within the country.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And logically,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

during this political crisis,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

England became a weak country.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And this weakness,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the weakness of having no king,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

resulted in the fact that two outsiders,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

people who lived not in England but in other places,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

decided to claim the throne of England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So it was the best chance.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

for the claimants to the throne from other parts

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

of Europe.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The first

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

claimant you have to remember was called

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Harold of Norway,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

or Harold III of Norway,

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S… Speaker 5 (истрия англии и сша)

because

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

these are people from the other countries,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this is not internal.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So Harold III of Norway in

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

January 1066 claimed the throne.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

As you see,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he was still alive in January to claim the throne of England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

If he was the king of Norway,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

as it is used,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the phrase that is used today,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

what nationality was he?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Norway is in Scandinavia but national who lived in

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Scandinavia in the 11th century?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The Vikings.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he was a Viking.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he was the king of the Vikings from

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Scandinavia and he decided to

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

claim

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the throne.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Logically,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there is a question why?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Because it's not just because I want to,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I could blame the throne of any country.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This was not logical.

5:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you know why?

5:17

S… Speaker 6 (истрия англии и сша)

had conquered England before and they had

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S… Speaker 6 (истрия англии и сша)

some influence on England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Right. Because the Vikings at that time had already had

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

some territory in England under their control and because

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there was a period a little bit

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

earlier than 1066 when the Vikings reigned

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So it was not something new.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The Vikings had already had

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this experience of being monarchs in England

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and Harold III logically believed that

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he had the right to repeat the successes of

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

his ancestors.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he claimed the throne because the Vikings had already done

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

that in the past and he believed he had the right to do that.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

However,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he was not the only claimant.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The other person was called William,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Duke of Normandy.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

is meant by the word Duke?

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S… Speaker 5 (истрия англии и сша)

Yes.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So William was from Normandy.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Where is Normandy?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Nowadays it's a province in France.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What nationality was William?

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S… Speaker 7 (истрия англии и сша)

Norman.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Normandy,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he was Norman.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Who were the Normans?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The Normans were the Vikings,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but the assimilated Vikings.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The Vikings that had already lived in some territory and

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

that had already assimilated with the local

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

population.

7:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So William was a Norman,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

let's say technically the same Viking,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but he spoke French.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He came from France with,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

let's say, French traditions,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

with the French...

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

possibly one culture.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Is that understandable?

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Right,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

so to make a difference,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

one will be called a Viking,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the other one will be called a Norman.

7:28

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But technically both were kind of of

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the same stuff.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So why did William claim the throne?

7:37

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So we know why Harold believed he could be the king of England.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William also believed that he had the right to become the king.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you know?

7:45

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

No, he wasn't.

7:49

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He wasn't a relative,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but it is known that they did meet in the past.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Any other versions?

7:58

S… Speaker 6 (истрия англии и сша)

Edward the Confessor somehow gave him the right to

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

rule. That's cool.

8:03

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So they were not relatives.

8:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They were not relatives,

8:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but William believed that

8:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Edward the Confessor,

8:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

remember Edward the Confessor,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Edward the Confessor had promised to make

8:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

him the king of England.

8:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he had some oral promise from the

8:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

late king,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

late meaning conchactions.

8:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And he believed that this oral promise to

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

make him the king of England gave him the legitimate right

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to claim the throne.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Legitimate meaning...

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So William believed he had the right to become the king

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

because of this promise.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The problem was that this was an oral promise.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And as there was no document,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

English people naturally rejected the

8:59

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

claim of William of Normandy.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Reject means

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They did not need a king from

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

some other country who did not speak the English language.

9:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They decided to choose their king themselves.

9:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And they chose the new king from the Anglo -Saxon

9:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

population.

9:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They chose him not because he was a relative,

9:24

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but because he was strong enough to control the country.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the name of this person was Harold Watkinson.

9:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So unlike two previous people,

9:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he was an Anglo -Saxon,

9:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and he was one of those

9:44

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

people that the local population respected,

9:47

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he logically knew what life was like in England,

9:51

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and he was an ideal choice for the

9:56

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Anglo -Saxon population.

10:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So Harold Goodwinson in January 1066 became

10:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the king of England.

10:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But the other two claimants to

10:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the throne did not want to give

10:15

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in.

10:16

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and actually decided to plan

10:20

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

an attack on England.

10:24

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So two claimants to the throne,

10:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I mean Harold III from Scandinavia and William of

10:31

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Normandy decided to attack England.

10:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And actually in 1066 there were two invasions.

10:39

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What is an invasion?

10:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Two invasions.

10:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The Viking invasion,

10:44

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

which is marked by blue arrows,

10:48

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and the Norman invasion,

10:51

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

which is marked by red arrows.

10:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So two claimants attacked England

10:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in an attempt to remove Harold Robinson and to gain

11:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

power themselves.

11:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

As the Vikings were a little bit faster,

11:08

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

so both invasions took place in autumn 1066.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So autumn was a dramatic period for England in

11:16

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

1066.

11:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So as the Vikings were a little bit faster and

11:22

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

they attacked in September,

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the main battle against the Vikings took

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

place in September 1066.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This was the battle of Harold Robinson and the English army against

11:36

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Harold of Norway.

11:37

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And luckily for England,

11:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Harold of Norway was killed and the Vikings

11:44

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

were driven away from the north.

11:47

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Without their king,

11:49

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the Vikings were driven away.

11:51

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So this was a great victory of the Anglo -Saxons in

11:55

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

September 1066.

11:56

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But nearly at the same time,

11:59

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William of Normandy landed in the south of England and

12:03

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

started building forts there.

12:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And Harold Godwinson had to quickly move

12:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

from the north,

12:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

from York,

12:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to the south,

12:16

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to the place called Hastings.

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S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And in October of 1966,

12:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there was the second battle,

12:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the second important battle.

12:25

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This time,

12:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Harold Woodwinson had to fight against William.

12:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And although the English army was larger

12:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and outnumbered the army of William,

12:37

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the people were tired,

12:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

not ready to fight.

12:42

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the result of this second battle was the

12:46

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

victory of William.

12:48

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Harold Goddardson was killed and

12:52

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the Normans celebrated

12:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this time their victory.

12:59

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Afterwards,

13:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William quickly occupied the main towns

13:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and cities in the south,

13:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

reached London in December.

13:08

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and became,

13:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was crowned in Westminster Arabia as

13:15

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

King William I of England.

13:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So this is it.

13:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So as for the consequences for England,

13:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there were logically positive and negative consequences.

13:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What was positive?

13:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

It was positive that thanks to the conquest of England,

13:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

England became politically a truly European country.

13:39

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So William who came from France bought

13:44

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

some French traditions and principles and reorganized life

13:48

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in England so that England became a truly

13:52

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

European country,

13:54

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

not just geographically but politically.

13:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So it became closer to Europe politically.

14:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And so its legal system

14:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was,

14:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in the initial basis of its legal system was formed.

14:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What was negative?

14:13

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Logically,

14:15

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there were negative consequences for the population because

14:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

all powerful Anglo -Saxon people were killed or

14:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

imprisoned.

14:24

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And unfortunately,

14:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the conquest of England,

14:33

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

influenced the language.

14:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Because William came from France,

14:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

he spoke French,

14:39

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and there appeared a situation when the

14:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

elite in England spoke French,

14:46

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William, his people,

14:47

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

his supporters of Papua people spoke French,

14:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

whereas the local population still spoke English.

14:54

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And so this situation when two languages existed,

14:58

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the language of ordinary people,

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and the language of the elite existed up to the

15:04

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

14th century,

15:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

up to the beginning of the Hundred Years' War,

15:09

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in the 14th century.

15:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So basically this

15:16

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was, and that's why today there are so many French words in

15:20

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

English language.

15:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The question is how did William make England politically close

15:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to Europe?

15:28

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Through the feudal system,

15:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

before the conquest,

15:33

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

feudalism did not exist in England in the same form

15:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

it existed in continental Europe.

15:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William introduced kind of continental feudalism

15:45

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to England and by doing that he reorganized

15:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and centralized life here.

15:52

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So in a feudal,

15:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

typically there is a kind of a hierarchy in

15:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

a feudal society.

15:58

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

You

16:04

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

don't need this kind of pyramid like that.

16:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I will draw your attention to every

16:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

term when I use it.

16:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So at the top of the pyramid in the English feudal

16:16

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

society logically was the king.

16:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The king was the lord for everyone,

16:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

lord meaning the chief lord for

16:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

everyone.

16:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the king theoretically speaking

16:31

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

possessed all the land in England.

16:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The king possessed all the land.

16:37

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The king decided

16:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to give some portions of the land to his

16:47

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

main supporters.

16:49

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So he gave land to his supporters,

16:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

thereby transforming them into vessels.

16:56

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They became his vessels because they received his land.

17:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The word vessel is understandable.

17:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Am I right?

17:03

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Am I too fast or too fast?

17:06

S… Speaker 2 (истрия англии и сша)

Okay.

17:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I will try to slow down.

17:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Right.

17:14

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Anyway,

17:15

S… Speaker 7 (истрия англии и сша)

the king.

17:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

gave land to his supporters.

17:20

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They became his vassals,

17:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but at the same time they had a lot of land.

17:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And such supporters who received land from

17:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the king were called tenants -in -chief.

17:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

These were people who received land directly

17:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

from the king.

17:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

17:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Tenant -in -chief.

17:42

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Who knows how to translate the word tenant in modern English?

17:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in chief meaning ключевой

17:54

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

основные они арендовали

17:59

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

в историческом контексте

18:29

S… Speaker 4 (истрия англии и сша)

So,

18:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

tenants

18:36

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

-in -chief became king's vessels.

18:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Tenants -in -chief had a lot of land.

18:41

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They could create their own vessels.

18:45

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

You understand?

18:46

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Their own vessels were called knights or lords.

18:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So,

18:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

talents and chief created their vessels by giving them

19:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

to lords or to knights,

19:04

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

depending on their status.

19:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

19:06

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the lords could create their vessels,

19:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

and this would continue further and further.

19:13

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The lowest level,

19:14

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

as you see here,

19:15

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was the level of peasants.

19:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Peasants are people without land,

19:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

people who had to cultivate the land for their masters,

19:24

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

for their lord.

19:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Is that understandable?

19:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Basically not in you,

19:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but in English.

19:31

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I believe we all know what the feudal society was like,

19:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but now you have the same in English.

19:37

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What you have to remember is that William kind

19:42

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

of slightly transformed the feudal society.

19:45

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

It was a little bit different from,

19:47

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

let's say, French feudal society.

19:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What was the most important difference between,

19:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

let's say,

19:54

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

continental feudal society and English feudal society

19:58

S… Speaker 7 (истрия англии и сша)

at that time?

20:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Let's say in continental Europe,

20:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

in France,

20:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

one tenant -in -chief,

20:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

remember, one tenant -in -chief could control

20:09

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

one large area.

20:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

For example,

20:12

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William,

20:13

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the Duke of Normandy.

20:14

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Normandy is one large area in France.

20:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

20:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

In England,

20:20

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this didn't happen.

20:22

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William did not give large areas to

20:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

tenants in sheep because England was not a peaceful country.

20:30

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Because William was afraid of attacks

20:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

from English people and from even his people.

20:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William did not live in England.

20:40

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He spent most of his time in Normandy.

20:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So anything could happen in his absence in England.

20:46

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

That is why he never gave one large piece

20:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

of land to one landlord.

20:52

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He typically gave a lot of smaller pieces to

20:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

one person.

20:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Smaller pieces located in different parts

21:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

of the country.

21:03

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So that there were a lot of smaller armies,

21:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but not just one large piece with one large army.

21:08

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

21:09

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So in other words,

21:11

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the state of tenants in chief were well distributed.

21:16

S… Speaker 2 (истрия англии и сша)

I have two.

21:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I have two.

21:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Yes.

21:19

S… Speaker 2 (истрия англии и сша)

In total,

21:26

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

they still had a lot.

21:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

In total.

21:31

S… Speaker 2 (истрия англии и сша)

in different locations.

21:32

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This is what was convenient for the king.

21:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

He didn't care whether it was convenient for tenants in chief.

21:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

We had to be happy.

21:41

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

This led to chaos later,

21:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

chaos because it was difficult to understand who controlled what

21:48

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

because some piece of land belonged to this person in the

21:52

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

north and the same person had some land in the south and in the middle so

21:56

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

it was difficult to remember who controlled what but it

22:00

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

was better for the king,

22:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I mean for the king's stability and for the,

22:04

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

do you understand?

22:13

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the next rule that William used at that time,

22:17

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

there were no private

22:21

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

wars.

22:22

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

So

22:28

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

feudals had to respect the rule that they would

22:32

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

not fight.

22:32

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

There were no private wars.

22:35

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And for the same reason,

22:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

William needed any questions?

22:56

S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

Did he?

22:57

S… Speaker 4 (истрия англии и сша)

Some

23:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

pieces belonged to the king.

23:03

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Some were controlled by these people for him.

23:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Church

23:11

S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

and state relations.

23:13

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The role of the church in the 11th century was extremely

23:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

important,

23:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

but there was a transformation in

23:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

this relation of the church and the state.

23:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

After the conquest,

23:31

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the

23:43

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

church and state cooperated.

23:44

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What

23:49

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

do I mean?

23:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The church received instructions from Rome.

23:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I believe you remember that Rome was the religious center.

23:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the instructions

24:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

said that the church had to respect the king and

24:05

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the church had to demonstrate that the king was not

24:09

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

a normal man.

24:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

that the king was a special person whose father was

24:14

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

given to him by God and whose father had to be respected by the co

24:18

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

-population.

24:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

24:20

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

In return,

24:22

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

it's cooperation,

24:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the king enjoyed a special status.

24:25

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

In return,

24:27

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

the king financed the building of monasteries

24:31

S… Speaker 6 (истрия англии и сша)

in India.

24:32

S… Speaker 3 (истрия англии и сша)

So,

24:32

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

cooperation.

24:33

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But the church was mostly controlled from...

24:38

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What happened after?

24:42

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Confirmation transformed into subordination.

24:46

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

What

24:50

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

happened?

24:55

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The church sealed for instructions from Rome.

25:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

But churchmen in England received

25:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

land from the king.

25:08

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

The king gave them land.

25:10

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And they transformed into king's vessels.

25:15

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Churchmen became king's vessels.

25:19

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And they had to obey the

25:23

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

king because they were his vessels.

25:25

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Do you understand?

25:29

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

Churchmen received land from the king and

25:34

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

automatically transformed into kings' vessels.

25:49

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

It means that as vessels,

25:51

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

they had to do military service.

25:53

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

They had to give some production from their land to the king.

25:57

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

I believe you know what the duties of a vessel were in

26:01

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

a feudal society.

26:02

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

And the king decided who could

26:07

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

become a new churchman.

26:09

S… Speaker 1 (истрия англии и сша)

If the king did not like someone,

истрия англии и сша

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