How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles

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Physicists love particles,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and with good reason.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Almost everything in the universe is made up of particles,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

so the physicist's approach to understanding the universe is to understand the particles that make it up.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

If you want to discover and catalog new particles,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

which physicists do,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

here are three approaches you can take.

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First,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

you can take old particles we already know stuff about and just stick them together to build new

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

composite particles.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

That's what chemists and molecular biologists spend a lot of their time doing,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and it's kind of like figuring out what you can build with Legos.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Second, you can smash old particles together with ever -increasing violence,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

either hoping to break an old particle apart into previously unknown constituents,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

or to excite a new particle into existence from the quantum fields that underlie

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

all reality.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Sometimes this works,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and the smashing reveals an entirely new,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

fundamental building block of the universe,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

like quarks,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

or the Higgs boson.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

But most of the time it just makes a big mess,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

an explosion of old particles we already know about.

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S… Speaker 2 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Third,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

you can put old particles in new environments,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

so that they behave differently.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

or put old particles together in new ways so that new particle -like behaviors emerge

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

through their collective quantum interactions.

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For example,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

in certain crystals,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

the particles that move around are not electrons themselves,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

but in fact holes or gaps in a densely packed sea of electrons.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Or when you make certain materials really,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

really cold,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

free electrons in them stop acting like electrons and team up in pairs to

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

act like weird electron -only atoms that move around with essentially no resistance.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Or, when you make certain metals really cold,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

electrons in them start acting as if they were a thousand times heavier than normal.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Or, if you make a super thin,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

essentially two -dimensional sheet of gallium arsenide with a perpendicular magnetic field

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and a parallel electric field and make it really cold,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

electrons start behaving as if they had an electric charge that's a fraction of what they normally

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

do. Or,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

if you force electrons into a special one -dimensional line,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

particles that move back and forth along that line look like electrons,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

except separated so that some of them have the charge of an electron but no spin,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

while others have the spin but no charge.

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Or,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

if you cool helium down super super cold,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

you'll find emergent particles that behave like Higgs bosons.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

These emergent Higgs bosons were first discovered in 1973,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

40 years before the Higgs boson fundamental particle was discovered at the

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Large Hadron Collider by violently smashing together protons.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Of course, these particles that emerge when you put collections of electrons together in materials

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

are not fundamental constituents of the universe,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

but they're far more diverse and bizarre and weird and cool.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

And unlike searching for fundamental particles where you just have to wait and see what nature

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

has in store, we can actively find and curate new emergent particles

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

simply by making different weird materials that allow their emergent properties to come

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

to life.

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Plus,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

materials with emergent particles have real and far -reaching practical technological use.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

in electronics,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

computer chips,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

levitating high -speed trains,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and even the magnets and detectors used to discover the Higgs boson at the

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

Large Hadron Collider.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

This video was supported

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation's Emergent Phenomena in Quantum Systems

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

initiative.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

EPICS supports discovery -driven research on novel electronic materials

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

and aims to stimulate breakthroughs to fundamentally change our understanding of the organizing

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

principles of complex matter.

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

To learn more,

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S… Speaker 1 (How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles)

visit moore .org or follow the Moore Foundation on Twitter.

How To Discover Weird New Particles - Emergent Quantum Quasiparticles

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