31049713528-1-192

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Hello, everyone.

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Welcome back to American Textbook Reading.

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I'm Brian Stewart.

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In this lesson,

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we are on Unit 7,

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and we are talking about things that change.

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So we're talking about time periods,

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really.

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You will discover that everything changes over time.

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We say over time.

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When we talk about going from the past to the future,

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we're talking about going over time.

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So we're going to be talking about...

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How do things change over time?

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But of course,

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there are many ideas and words that we must study first.

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Let's begin with our first word,

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which is history.

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History.

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What is history?

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History is basically the story.

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We can see story is in the word history.

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Story of events.

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Events.

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Events are things that happen.

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Something that happened that happened in earlier

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times.

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Earlier times.

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So it was earlier than now.

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So it's interesting.

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Things that happened in the

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future.

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When we talk about the past,

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we say things that happened in the past.

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History is in the past.

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They are things that happened.

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Stories based on true events,

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right? Not made -up events,

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but true events that happened in the past.

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Now, when we talk about history,

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is history...

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throughout the the entire history of the of the earth do we know

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it very well we don't know it very well we can also talk about the

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idea of prehistory prehistory

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prehistory and when we talk about

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pre we mean before and we talk about before history prehistoric

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prehistoric and we could put that word together prehistoric

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prehistoric pre means before

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How can things be before history?

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When we think about history,

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we think about human beings writing down what

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happened in earlier times.

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That's history.

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But a long time ago,

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people didn't write things down.

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And a long time ago,

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there were no people.

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Like in the time of the dinosaurs or before that.

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That's prehistoric.

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So when we talk about prehistoric,

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we mean...

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before humans started writing history.

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So a long,

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long time ago.

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Also dinosaurs,

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also early human beings,

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before they started writing things,

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we say that's prehistoric.

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So if you hear prehistoric,

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it means a long time ago,

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before people started writing down history.

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Okay.

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Of course,

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we're talking about the past,

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and I taught you guys before,

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in the past.

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When we talk about in the past,

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we say in the past.

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Okay?

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So past is the time before now.

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Before now is a past.

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We say in the past.

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Things that happened in the past.

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Okay?

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That's before now.

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We,

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of course, can also say the present.

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The present.

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And again, we say in the past.

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Present. In the present.

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Things that are happening.

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Things that are happening now or

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in the present.

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The time now.

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Now and present is the same thing.

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They are happening in the present.

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Now.

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They are happening now.

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That's the present.

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We live in the present.

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We don't live in the past.

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We don't live in the future.

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We live in the present.

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Right now.

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But the present.

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It goes by very quickly,

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doesn't it?

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It's very interesting.

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Okay,

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so that's the present.

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And then we,

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of course, have the future.

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And we also say in the future.

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So you can use this expression very commonly

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with past,

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present,

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future.

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In the past.

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In the present.

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In the future.

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Things that will happen,

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right?

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Things that will happen.

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that will happen things that

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will happen in the future okay the time to come after

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now so the past is before now the present is now the

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future is after now and we talk about things that will happen

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in the future in the past in the present in

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the future what

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What will the future look like?

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What will the future look like?

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Maybe it will look like this.

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This is really cool looking,

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isn't it?

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Here's another video.

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Here's a video of what things might look like in the

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future.

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We can see very tall buildings.

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We can see these little things going back and forth.

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What do you think they are?

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They're cars.

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They're vehicles.

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That would be really cool,

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wouldn't it?

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To be able to fly a vehicle instead of on the ground.

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but in the air.

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And this is an example of what people think the future will

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look like.

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We don't know what the future will look like.

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We can only imagine or guess.

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Okay,

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when we talk about the future,

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we're not sure about the future.

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We don't know what will be true.

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When we talk about the past,

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we have a pretty good idea of what is true in the past,

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especially when people wrote down things.

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We look for facts.

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Facts are things that are true and can be

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proven.

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You can prove facts,

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something that is true.

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We know it happened because people wrote about it.

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Not just one person,

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but many people wrote about it.

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And maybe there's evidence for something

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that happened.

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Even before,

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like, for example,

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prehistoric time.

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How do we know dinosaurs existed?

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Nobody wrote it down,

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but dinosaurs did exist.

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It's a fact.

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We can prove it because we can find their bones.

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We can put the bones together.

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Oh, this was a dinosaur.

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It was a long time ago.

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We can find out when it happened by looking at the earth and seeing

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how deep those bones are found.

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So we can prove certain things about the past.

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If we can be proven,

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it's a fact.

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If it's true,

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it's a fact.

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But what about the opposite of fact the opposite of fact

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is?

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It's not true.

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Something that is made up and not

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true.

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Made up is interesting.

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Do you ever imagine things?

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When you're playing,

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do you imagine playing with somebody who's not there?

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Or do you imagine with your friends making a story that didn't really happen?

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Or you think about the past or the future and you make a story.

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You make it up.

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that's fiction it's not true of course these creatures are

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not true but these creatures exist in in

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books and in literature now that's an interesting point fiction

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if you go into a library there are two big sections in

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your library one section is fiction

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I want to read about Harry Potter.

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Then you go to the fiction.

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That's made up.

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It's not true.

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But sometimes you want to learn about the past.

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You want to learn about true things.

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Do you ask the librarian,

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excuse me,

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where is your true section?

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No, you ask for the non -fiction section.

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Non -fiction.

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When we talk about books,

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right?

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There are two classifications for books,

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fiction and nonfiction.

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Now,

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when I was your age,

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this kind of confused me a little bit because fiction means not true,

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right?

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So that means not true.

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But non means not.

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So it's a little confusing,

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isn't it?

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Not,

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not true.

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Well,

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if you have two negatives in English,

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They cancel each other out.

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You're left with true.

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Okay?

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So if you have two negatives...

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They cancel each other out.

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You're left with what remains is true.

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So the two sections in the library,

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fiction,

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nonfiction.

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Nonfiction means true.

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Don't get confused by that.

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Sounds a little confusing.

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But nonfiction means true.

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Fiction,

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not true.

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So there's two sections in your library.

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If you want to read about Harry Potter,

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you will go to the fiction section.

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But if you want to learn about Korean history,

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you will go to the non -fiction section.

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Two sections in the library.

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You want fiction,

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not true,

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made -up stories,

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fairy tales,

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funny stories,

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go to the fiction section.

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But if you want true stories about the past or about science or something

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like that, go to the non -fiction section.

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Those are the two main sections in the library.

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Two main sections for books.

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Okay.

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Let's move on to our chart.

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We're talking about things that change over time.

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We're talking about different time periods.

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Everything changes over time,

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as you know.

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If we look at the past,

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if we go to the non -fiction section of the library and read books about the past,

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we can see that things were much different in the past.

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We have older buildings.

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They're not very tall.

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The streets are dirt.

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Then we look at the present.

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And we see,

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wow, the buildings are really tall now.

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And the streets,

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we can't even see the streets,

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S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but the streets are paved,

10:06

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right? Many more people,

10:08

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

much bigger cities than in the past.

10:11

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

In the past,

10:12

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we can see that they used a

10:16

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

strange device,

10:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

10:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Not a strange device,

10:19

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

it's actually a common device for counting.

10:22

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

They would put the beads to one side to count things,

10:25

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and that's how they counted things in the past.

10:27

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

But nowadays,

10:28

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we can use a computer.

10:30

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We put the numbers in,

10:31

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and we can calculate,

10:33

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

or we can add.

10:35

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We can use numbers very easily,

10:37

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and in very quickly,

10:38

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

much more different ways using a computer.

10:43

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Our tools to do our work have improved and

10:47

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

become much faster and more complicated,

10:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

too.

10:50

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

In the past,

10:51

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right, we were young.

10:52

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

In the past in your life,

10:54

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right, you were a baby.

10:55

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

You may not be this old,

10:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but you're almost,

10:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

you're getting there,

10:59

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

11:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

You're getting older.

11:01

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So again,

11:01

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

past, you know,

11:02

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

you're the baby.

11:03

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And present,

11:04

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

perhaps you were this age or maybe just a little bit younger.

11:07

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay, so we can see,

11:09

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

though, how things change over time.

11:12

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Old city,

11:13

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

old cities to new cities.

11:15

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Old tools to new tools.

11:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Young people become older people,

11:21

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

so things change over time.

11:24

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay,

11:25

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

let's match the words with their definitions.

11:28

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Our words are history,

11:30

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

history,

11:31

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

past,

11:33

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

present,

11:34

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

present,

11:35

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

future,

11:37

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

future,

11:38

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

fact,

11:40

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

fact,

11:41

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and fiction.

11:44

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Fiction.

11:45

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Remember these two are opposites,

11:48

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

11:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay.

11:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Number one,

11:51

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

the time now.

11:52

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So the time now,

11:53

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right now.

11:54

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

What do we call that time?

11:56

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Which of these words do we use to describe the time?

12:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

What is happening right now?

12:02

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Things that are happening right now,

12:04

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we say that they happen in the present.

12:07

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's happening right now.

12:08

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay?

12:09

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So that's the present.

12:10

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Now the time before now.

12:14

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

behind us right the time before now would be

12:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

of course the past it happened in the past

12:22

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

it's a time before now not now but before now

12:26

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

then we have the time to come after now so

12:30

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

after now right not the present not now but

12:35

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

after later

12:37

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We, of course,

12:38

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

call that the future,

12:39

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

okay?

12:40

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So we have present,

12:41

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

past, and future,

12:42

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

12:42

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We have all those words right here.

12:43

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Actually, past,

12:44

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

present,

12:45

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

future.

12:46

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

That's the normal order,

12:47

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right? Okay,

12:48

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

so that matches these three words.

12:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Let's move on to the next three words.

12:52

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Number four.

12:53

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

A thing that is true and can be

12:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

proven.

12:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It can be proven.

13:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So if it can be proven,

13:02

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

it is true.

13:04

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We call that a fact.

13:07

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

It's a fact.

13:08

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's true.

13:08

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It really happened.

13:10

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Or we can prove that it happened.

13:13

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Like the dinosaurs.

13:14

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We know dinosaurs are a fact that they existed because we can

13:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

prove their existence.

13:20

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We can see the evidence.

13:22

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay, number five,

13:24

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

something that is made up,

13:27

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

usually in people's minds.

13:28

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We make up a story.

13:30

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We make up very funny or interesting stories,

13:33

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and some people write them down,

13:35

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and we enjoy reading those stories,

13:37

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

13:38

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's not true.

13:39

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

What do we call that?

13:40

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

We call that fiction.

13:42

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So if you want to read an interesting or funny imaginary

13:46

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

story,

13:47

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

you will look for fiction.

13:50

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Number six,

13:51

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

the story of events that happened in earlier times.

13:55

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

The story,

13:56

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

remember that word story.

13:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

What other word is similar to that?

14:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Of course, we can see history,

14:02

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

history.

14:03

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Don't say high story,

14:05

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

that's wrong,

14:06

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but it's history,

14:07

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

14:07

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

History.

14:08

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So the story of events that happened in earlier times

14:12

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

that happened in the past.

14:14

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

That, of course,

14:15

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

is history.

14:16

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And,

14:16

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

of course, when you're talking about history,

14:18

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

you're talking about true.

14:19

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's a true story,

14:20

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

okay?

14:21

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

History is supposedly true.

14:23

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's supposed to be true.

14:25

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Now, sometimes we have to guess,

14:27

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but we guess about history sometimes.

14:29

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Sure, maybe it's not 100 % true,

14:32

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but it's what we think is true.

14:34

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So the story of events that happened in earlier times is history.

14:39

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay, so this is our timeline.

14:40

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

It's a chart showing a timeline.

14:43

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Now, a timeline is a very useful tool to show how

14:47

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

things change over time.

14:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

That's what we have here,

14:50

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

how things change over time.

14:53

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Now,

14:54

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

what we have here is we have our bar,

14:56

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

14:57

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And this shows ages.

14:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And what we're looking at...

15:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

is a timeline for people or for in this case a person

15:04

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right what is a timeline how do things change over time

15:08

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

past usually in the past of course timelines are on the past

15:12

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

but in the far past more recent past and recent past so

15:17

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we see a timeline here is ages right so we have zero years

15:21

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

old

15:22

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

In Korean,

15:23

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

I think you say one year old,

15:25

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right? This is an American timeline,

15:26

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

okay?

15:27

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

So zero,

15:28

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

one,

15:28

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

two, three,

15:29

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

four, five,

15:30

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

six, seven years old.

15:33

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

How do things change?

15:35

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Well, of course,

15:35

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

how do people change over time?

15:37

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

When a baby is born,

15:39

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

right,

15:39

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we say one day old or two days old in American

15:44

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

system.

15:44

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Tom is born.

15:46

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

He's very small,

15:48

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

very cute,

15:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

15:50

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

He sleeps a lot,

15:51

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

15:52

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

just a baby right tom is a baby right when he's born newborn

15:56

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

baby but when tom is four years old tom's fourth birthday

16:00

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

see he got bigger and he's he seems to be more alert

16:05

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and he seems to know a little bit more about what's going on

16:09

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

right he's a four -year -old boy now when tom after three

16:13

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

years tom has grown bigger

16:15

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And he's becoming more adventurous and more

16:19

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

able to do things.

16:20

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Tom's first bike.

16:21

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Then he starts to learn how to ride a bike.

16:24

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

He's becoming more and more independent.

16:27

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

And he's becoming more and more able to do things like

16:31

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

ride a bike or run or play with his friends,

16:35

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

go out with his friends by himself.

16:38

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So this is a timeline showing how a person changes over

16:42

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

time.

16:42

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Of course,

16:43

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

timelines can be used for many things,

16:46

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

not just people.

16:47

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

You could have a timeline for cities.

16:49

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

You can show a city 500 years ago,

16:53

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

100 years ago,

16:55

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

and...

16:57

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

Last week,

16:58

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

right?

16:58

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

So timelines can be used for different things,

17:01

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

not just people,

17:02

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

but cities,

17:03

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

countries,

17:04

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

all sorts of things.

17:06

S… Speaker 2 (31049713528-1-192)

The earth,

17:06

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

we can show timeline and show how things have changed over time

17:11

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

using timelines.

17:12

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

Okay,

17:13

S… Speaker 1 (31049713528-1-192)

here we have another timeline.

31049713528-1-192

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