Section_4
Sep 24, 2026 09:51
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· Whisper Turbo
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Section 4.
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You will hear a talk on the topic of time perspectives.
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First,
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you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Listen
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carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Today,
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I'm going to be talking about time.
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Specifically,
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I'll be looking at how people think about time and how
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these time perspectives structure our lives.
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According to social psychologists,
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there are six ways of thinking about time,
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which are called personal time zones.
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The first two are based in the past.
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Past positive thinkers spend most of their time in a state of nostalgia,
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fondly remembering moments such as birthdays,
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marriages,
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and important achievements in their life.
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These are the kinds of people who keep family records,
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books,
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and photo albums.
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People living in the past negative time zone.
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are also absorbed by earlier times.
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But they focus on all the bad things,
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regrets,
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failures,
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poor decisions.
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They spend a lot of time thinking about how life could have
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been. Then,
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we have people who live in the present.
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Present hedonists are driven by pleasure and immediate sensation.
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Their life motto is to have a good time and avoid pain.
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Present fatalists live in the moment too,
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but they believe this moment is the product of circumstances entirely beyond
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their control.
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It's their fate,
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whether it's poverty,
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religion,
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or society itself.
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Something stops these people from believing they can play a role in
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changing their outcomes in life.
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Life simply is,
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and that's that.
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Looking at the future time zone,
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we can see that people classified as future active are the planners
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and go -getters.
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They work rather than play and resist temptation.
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Decisions are made based on potential consequences,
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not on the experience itself.
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A second future -orientated perspective,
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future fatalistic,
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is driven by the certainty of life after death and some kind of a judgment
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day when they will be assessed on how virtuously they have lived and what success
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they have had in their lives.
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Okay,
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let's move on.
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You might ask,
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how do these time zones affect our lives?
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Well, let's start at the beginning.
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Everyone is brought into this world as a present hedonist.
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No exceptions.
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Our initial needs and demands to be warm,
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secure,
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fed,
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and watered all stem from the present moment.
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But things change when we enter formal education.
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We're taught to stop existing in the moment and to begin
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thinking about future outcomes.
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But did you know that every nine seconds a child in
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the USA drops out of school?
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For boys,
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the rate is much higher than for girls.
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We could easily say,
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ah, well,
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boys just aren't as bright as girls.
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But the evidence doesn't support this.
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A recent study states that boys in America,
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by the age of 21,
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have spent 10 ,000 hours playing video games.
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The research suggests that they'll never fit in the traditional classroom,
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because these boys require a situation where they have the ability
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to manage their own learning environment.
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Now,
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let's look at the way we do prevention education.
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All prevention education is aimed at a future time zone.
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We say,
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don't smoke or you'll get cancer.
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Get good grades or you won't get a good job.
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But,
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with present -orientated kids,
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that just doesn't work.
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Although they understand the potentially negative consequences
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of their actions,
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they persist with the behavior.
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because they're not living for the future.
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They're in the moment right now.
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We can't use logic,
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and it's no use reminding them of potential fallout from their decisions or previous
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errors of judgment.
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We've got to get in their minds just as they're about to make a choice.
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Time perspectives make a big difference in how we value and
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use our time.
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When Americans are asked how busy they are,
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the vast majority report being busier than ever before.
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They admit to sacrificing their relationships,
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personal time,
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and a good night's sleep for their success.
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Twenty years ago,
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60 % of Americans had sit -down dinners with their families.
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And now,
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only 20 % do.
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But when they're asked what they would do with an eight -day week,
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they say,
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oh, that'd be great.
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They would spend that time laboring away to achieve more.
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They're constantly trying to get ahead,
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to get toward a future point of happiness.
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So,
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it's really important to be aware of how other people think about time.
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We tend to think,
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oh, that person's really irresponsible,
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or that guy's power hungry.
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But often,
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what we're looking at is not fundamental differences of personality,
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but really just different ways of thinking about time.
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Seeing these conflicts as differences in time perspective,
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rather than distinctions of character,
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can facilitate more effective cooperation between people.
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and get the most out of each person's individual strengths.
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That is the end of section four.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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That
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is the end of the listening test.
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You now have ten minutes to transfer your answers.
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