cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c

May 12, 2026 15:26 · 7:49 · English · Whisper Turbo · 1 स्पीकर
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फक्त दर्शविले जात आहे
0:00
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
It's a crisis of development.
0:01
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
A crisis of development.
0:03
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
That's fundamental.
0:05
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
That is the name of Zimbabwe today.
0:06
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
It's a crisis of development.
0:08
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
I think that,
0:09
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
of course,
0:11
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
leadership failures and institutional failures
0:15
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
characterize it.
0:16
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
But even if these institutions were functioning optimally,
0:21
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
there would still be a fundamental crisis.
0:25
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The system of constructing the state created
0:30
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
four fundamentals.
0:31
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Number one,
0:32
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the bifurcation of the economy,
0:34
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
where you created an economy for Africans,
0:37
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you put them in these tribal trust lands,
0:40
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and the economy for the white industrial class,
0:43
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the white agricultural class.
0:45
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The second thing that it created was division.
0:48
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
You created cantonments.
0:51
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The tribal trust lands created false
0:54
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
rigidities in identity identities which had been fluid so
0:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the social cohesion problem is a problem constructed deliberately
1:03
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
as part of the divide and conquer tactic and what's tragic is we
1:07
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
as africans embraced it
1:10
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
more tenaciously than we embraced religion.
1:13
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The third was in the creation of the
1:17
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
skills, there were particular skills that were designated
1:23
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
as exclusively for black people and others for white
1:29
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
people.
1:29
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The independent state tries to address
1:34
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the poverty problem.
1:38
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
but did not focus on the collective wealth creation
1:42
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
problem.
1:43
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
And of course,
1:45
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
over the years,
1:46
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
instinctively,
1:46
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
there was an attempt through the land reform process to move
1:51
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
towards a wealth creation model.
1:53
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Collective wealth.
1:54
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Collective wealth.
1:55
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
And it's important to think about the collective wealth question because
2:00
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
a lot of independent African countries found this enormous
2:04
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
poverty problem.
2:07
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and the enormity of the poverty problem essentially meant that you
2:11
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
diverted most of the state resources to try and deal with
2:15
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
a problem deliberately constructed by the colonial state because the poor
2:19
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and dependent black is a convenient to both the black and white elite
2:23
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
because they always need the patronage of the state
2:28
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
But a hollowed out state is a convenience for international capital
2:32
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
because it always needs international capital for its survival.
2:36
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
So if you think about those who are running the state as purely managing
2:41
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
it, the only thing they really have power to manage is
2:45
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the collective of the emiserated and impoverished.
2:48
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
And they have one instrument of management.
2:50
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
If they can't deliver goods,
2:52
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
they deliver violence,
2:53
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
which is the supervision.
2:55
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
surveillance and control which is if you think about it whether it was the
2:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
rotation state the apartheid state beside the end that the the fundamental
3:03
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
preoccupation of the state was supervision surveillance and
3:08
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
control so in essence you have a leadership that
3:12
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
at the beginning had some form of vision of development
3:16
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
but had not sufficiently studied the state and
3:21
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
built a coherent
3:24
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
vision of how to transform the state for purposes
3:28
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
of achieving development so they concentrated on controlling
3:32
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the cohesive apparatus of the state state's state
3:36
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
intelligence the army the police and so the carnage you
3:40
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
see in material and the the the the genocidal ground
3:44
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
during the 1980s is an instinctive reaction to a
3:49
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
sense of threat to power
3:51
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
but choreographed,
3:53
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
as you know, by Rhodesian intelligence operatives,
3:56
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
playing on what they understood.
3:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Multiple dependencies of blacks,
4:02
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
dependence on local white capital,
4:06
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
because the vision of how to transform the capital
4:11
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
base, the ownership of the factories,
4:13
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
ownership of land,
4:15
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
of the mines,
4:16
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and etc.,
4:17
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
is a vision that goes beyond slogans.
4:20
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
These are systems that have both local routes,
4:23
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
regional routes,
4:24
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and international routes.
4:25
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
So if you're going to do the transformation,
4:27
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you will need to form alliances across classes.
4:31
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
And the whites knew what to do.
4:34
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
You conscript middle -class blacks.
4:37
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
You conscript part of the aspirational elite.
4:40
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Why?
4:41
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Once they own crumbs of the empire.
4:45
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
They have a stake in defending the empire that
4:49
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
they see as the sole beneficiary against this mass uprising or
4:54
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
against any disruptive force.
4:56
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Let me give you some interesting things.
4:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Within agriculture,
5:01
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you had the equivalent,
5:03
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and it has happened in this beautiful country in South Africa.
5:06
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The big corporate supermarkets and others
5:10
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
went and concluded lockout contracts with the
5:14
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
primary producers,
5:15
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
which means
5:16
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
They cannot give a lower price to anybody else
5:21
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
than the price they are offering the corporate buyer.
5:24
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
In essence,
5:26
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
that excludes competition.
5:27
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
If you and I form a business,
5:29
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
we want to get into the business for the same commodity.
5:33
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
We're essentially muscled out.
5:35
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The understanding of the system,
5:38
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the capitalist system that was operational then,
5:41
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and how it was built around kinsfolk patronage,
5:46
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
corruption,
5:47
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and an anti -black racist or a white
5:51
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
supremacist notion makes people think
5:55
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
that it's simple.
5:56
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Just remove the one person,
5:58
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you will have solved it.
5:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
So why did I call it a crisis of development?
6:01
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The model of development that we wanted was a model
6:05
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
that we called Gutsaru Jinji in Shona,
6:08
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
satisfy the masses.
6:09
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Now,
6:11
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the social component was clear,
6:13
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and Ngabe did well in this.
6:16
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
which is diagnose what you need in
6:21
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
terms of human capabilities.
6:23
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
Manpower,
6:25
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
as they used to call it.
6:25
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
It wasn't the gender equitable world that we live in now.
6:29
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
The manpower development plan was very precise.
6:34
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
How many doctors would we need?
6:35
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
How many pharmacists?
6:37
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
In fact,
6:38
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
unmatched in most of the continent and the developing world.
6:42
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
So they went about developing these skills.
6:45
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
But what you needed to do,
6:47
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
so if you think about it,
6:48
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
we trained the highest number of artisans.
6:52
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
That's why whether you're in Angola,
6:54
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you are here,
6:54
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you are in Ghana,
6:55
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
you're likely when you turn around and you are looking for a motor mechanic,
6:59
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
A1, or you are looking for,
7:01
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
it'll be a Zimbabwean electrician.
7:03
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
And it didn't start because of the exodus.
7:06
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
It started because we now have excess capacity
7:10
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and minimum absorptive.
7:13
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
possibilities because we the economy hasn't transferred into
7:17
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the hands of black folks why because we got
7:21
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
the social component correct but the redistributional aspects
7:26
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
even the blacks within government were resistant because
7:30
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
they now were approximate to white capital both domestic
7:35
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and international
7:36
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
and they had if you like they had become the biggest defenders
7:40
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
of what they saw as the stability and defending that stability essentially
7:44
S… Speaker 1 (cb6fd8547c0a377cb833b132d508f52c)
meant postponing black aspirations here is a tragedy

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