Q1 Sec F Income inequality

Sep 19, 2026 19:02 · 16:42 · English · Whisper Turbo · 8 Intervenants
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0:00
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Section F Listen to this lecture
0:04
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and answer the following questions.
0:07
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You'll hear the lecture twice.
0:10
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
During the first listening,
0:13
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
answer questions 17 to 21.
0:17
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
During the second listening,
0:20
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
answer questions 22 to 30.
0:24
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You will now have 30 seconds
0:28
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
to read questions 17 to 21.
1:03
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You will now hear the listening for the first time.
1:06
S… Speaker 2 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Section
1:14
S… Speaker 3 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
F Hello everyone.
1:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Today we're going to explore an important issue that affects people
1:21
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
all over the world,
1:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
including here in Australia.
1:24
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Income inequality.
1:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Let's start with the basics.
1:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Income inequality refers to the gap between what
1:34
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the highest earners in a society make and what the lowest
1:38
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
earners take home.
1:39
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In other words,
1:41
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it's about how unevenly income is spread across a population.
1:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some people earn millions of dollars each year while
1:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
others struggle to afford food,
1:51
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
rent and basic needs.
1:53
S… Speaker 5 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Now,
1:55
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
you might wonder...
1:57
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Shouldn't we just aim for complete income equality?
2:01
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Everyone gets paid the same,
2:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
no matter the job.
2:04
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
While the idea might sound fair at first,
2:08
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
most economists agree that some level of income difference is
2:13
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
actually useful.
2:13
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Why?
2:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Because it can encourage innovation,
2:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
hard work,
2:18
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and productivity.
2:19
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
For example,
2:20
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
if people know that training to be a doctor or engineer could
2:25
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
earn them more money,
2:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
they may be more motivated to pursue those careers,
2:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
which benefit society as a whole.
2:32
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
However,
2:33
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the problem is when the gap becomes too wide,
2:37
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and that's what's happening today.
2:39
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Let's look at the numbers.
2:42
S… Speaker 6 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In Australia,
2:43
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the top 20 % of earners take home nearly half
2:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
of all income,
2:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while the bottom 20 % receive less than
2:53
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
5%.
2:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The median income in Australia,
2:57
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
that means the middle earner,
2:59
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
is around $52 ,000 to $60
3:04
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
,000 a year.
3:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But many high -income individuals,
3:08
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
especially CEOs and executives,
3:11
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
can earn millions annually.
3:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In contrast,
3:15
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
some low -income workers are earning just above
3:19
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the minimum wage,
3:21
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
which is about $45 ,000.
3:24
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
dollars a year if working full -time,
3:28
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
far less if they are underemployed.
3:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Compared to other regions,
3:34
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Australia sits somewhere in the middle.
3:37
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The United States has even higher levels
3:41
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
of income inequality,
3:42
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
with the richest 10 % earning over half of all
3:47
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
national income.
3:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The UK also has a fairly wide gap,
3:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while some European Union countries,
3:55
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
like Denmark,
3:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Sweden and Germany,
3:58
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have managed to keep income inequality lower through
4:02
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
stronger welfare systems and progressive tax policies.
4:06
S… Speaker 7 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
So,
4:08
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
how did this income inequality get this
4:12
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
bad?
4:13
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
It didn't happen overnight.
4:16
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Over the last few decades,
4:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
many things have changed.
4:20
S… Speaker 7 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
First,
4:20
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
globalization and technological change have increased
4:25
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
profits for big businesses and highly skilled workers,
4:28
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
but not for lower skilled workers.
4:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Second,
4:32
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
in many countries,
4:34
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
minimum wages haven't kept up with the cost of living,
4:37
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while the prices of housing,
4:39
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
education,
4:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and health care have risen.
4:43
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
third tax systems have become less progressive meaning
4:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the wealthiest people aren't taxed as heavily as they once
4:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
were and finally in some cases governments
4:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and businesses have prioritized profits over
5:00
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
fairness, sometimes reducing workers' rights or cutting
5:04
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
social services.
5:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Why has this been allowed to happen?
5:09
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Well,
5:10
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
income inequality often grows slowly,
5:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
so people may not notice the shift right away.
5:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Also,
5:18
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
those who benefit the most from the current system often
5:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have the most influence on policy,
5:24
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
meaning change can be hard to achieve.
5:28
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But income inequality doesn't just hurt those at
5:32
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the bottom.
5:33
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
It's also bad for society as a whole.
5:35
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
When large groups of people can't access decent housing,
5:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
education,
5:41
S… Speaker 8 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
or healthcare,
5:42
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it creates social tension,
5:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
reduces economic stability,
5:47
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and can even lead to higher crime rates and poorer
5:52
S… Speaker 8 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
mental and physical health.
5:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In contrast,
5:55
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
societies with more equal income distribution often
5:59
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have higher levels of trust,
6:01
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
better public services,
6:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and stronger,
6:04
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
more sustainable economies.
6:06
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
So what can we do?
6:10
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
There are several strategies that have been suggested.
6:12
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
These include raising the minimum wage to ensure a
6:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
living income for all workers,
6:18
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
investing in education and training so more
6:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
people can access high -paying jobs,
6:25
S… Speaker 6 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
progressive taxation,
6:27
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
where the wealthiest pay a higher percentage of their income
6:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
in taxes,
6:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
improved access to health care and housing,
6:35
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
especially for low -income families.
6:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some countries have done this successfully.
6:43
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
For example,
6:44
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Norway and Finland use a mix of strong social
6:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
programs, fair wages,
6:50
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and responsible tax systems to keep income
6:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
inequality relatively low,
6:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while still maintaining successful economies.
7:00
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In conclusion,
7:02
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
income inequality is a complex issue.
7:06
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some level of difference is normal and can even be helpful.
7:10
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But when the gap becomes too large,
7:13
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it creates real problems for individuals and society.
7:16
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The good news?
7:18
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
We can do something about it by learning from what's
7:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
working elsewhere and making thoughtful choices about how
7:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
we structure our economy and support one another.
7:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Thanks for listening.
7:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
This is a big topic.
7:33
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and I hope it's given you something to think about.
7:36
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
That is the end of the first listening.
7:38
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You will now have 25 seconds to check
7:42
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
your answers.
7:43
S… Speaker 2 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You
8:09
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
will now have 90 seconds to read questions 22
8:13
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
to 30.
8:14
S… Speaker 2 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You
9:45
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
will now hear the listening again.
9:47
S… Speaker 3 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Hello everyone.
9:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Today we're going to explore an important issue that affects people
9:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
all over the world,
9:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
including here in Australia.
9:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Income inequality.
10:00
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
start with the basics.
10:00
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Income inequality refers to the gap between
10:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
what the highest earners in a society make and what
10:09
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the lowest earners take home.
10:10
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In other words,
10:12
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it's about how unevenly income is spread across a population.
10:17
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some people earn millions of dollars each year,
10:20
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while others struggle to afford food,
10:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
rent,
10:23
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and basic needs.
10:25
S… Speaker 5 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Now,
10:27
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
you might wonder,
10:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Shouldn't we just aim for complete income equality?
10:32
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Everyone gets paid the same,
10:35
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
no matter the job.
10:36
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
While the idea might sound fair at first,
10:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
most economists agree that some level of income difference is
10:44
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
actually useful.
10:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Why?
10:46
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Because it can encourage innovation,
10:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
hard work,
10:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and productivity.
10:50
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
For example,
10:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
if people know that training to be a doctor or engineer could
10:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
earn them more money,
10:58
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
they may be more motivated to pursue those careers,
11:01
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
which benefit society as a whole.
11:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
However,
11:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the problem is when the gap becomes too wide,
11:08
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and that's what's happening today.
11:11
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Let's look at the numbers.
11:13
S… Speaker 6 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In Australia,
11:15
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the top 20 % of earners take home nearly
11:19
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
half of all income,
11:21
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while the bottom 20 % receive less than
11:25
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
5%.
11:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The median income in Australia,
11:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
that means the middle earner,
11:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
is around $52 ,000 to $60
11:35
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
,000 a year.
11:37
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But many high -income individuals,
11:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
especially CEOs and executives,
11:43
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
can earn millions annually.
11:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In contrast,
11:47
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
some low -income workers are earning just above
11:51
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
the minimum wage,
11:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
which is about $45 ,000.
11:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
dollars a year if working full -time,
11:59
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
far less if they are underemployed.
12:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Compared to other regions,
12:06
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Australia sits somewhere in the middle.
12:08
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The United States has even higher levels
12:12
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
of income inequality,
12:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
with the richest 10 % earning over half of all
12:18
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
national income.
12:21
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The UK also has a fairly wide gap,
12:24
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while some European Union countries,
12:27
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
like Denmark,
12:28
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Sweden and Germany,
12:29
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have managed to keep income inequality lower through
12:34
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
stronger welfare systems and progressive tax policies.
12:38
S… Speaker 7 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
So,
12:40
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
how did this income inequality get this
12:44
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
bad?
12:44
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
It didn't happen overnight.
12:47
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Over the last few decades,
12:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
many things have changed.
12:51
S… Speaker 7 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
First,
12:52
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
globalization and technological change have increased
12:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
profits for big businesses and highly skilled workers,
13:00
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
but not for lower skilled workers.
13:02
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Second,
13:04
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
in many countries,
13:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
minimum wages haven't kept up with the cost of living,
13:09
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while the prices of housing,
13:11
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
education,
13:12
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and health care have risen.
13:15
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Third, tax systems have become less progressive,
13:19
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
meaning the wealthiest people aren't taxed as heavily
13:23
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
as they once were.
13:24
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
And finally,
13:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
in some cases,
13:27
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
governments and businesses have prioritized profits over fairness,
13:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
sometimes reducing workers' rights or cutting social
13:36
S… Speaker 7 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
services.
13:36
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Why has this been allowed to happen?
13:41
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Well,
13:42
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
income inequality often grows slowly,
13:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
so people may not notice the shift right away.
13:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Also,
13:50
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
those who benefit the most from the current system often
13:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have the most influence on policy,
13:56
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
meaning change can be hard to achieve.
13:58
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But income inequality doesn't just
14:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
hurt those at the bottom.
14:05
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
It's also bad for society as a whole.
14:07
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
When large groups of people can't access decent housing,
14:11
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
education,
14:13
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
or health care,
14:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it creates social tension,
14:16
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
reduces economic stability,
14:19
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and can even lead to higher crime rates and poorer
14:23
S… Speaker 8 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
mental and physical health.
14:25
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In contrast,
14:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
societies with more equal income distribution often
14:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
have higher levels of trust,
14:33
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
better public services,
14:35
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and stronger,
14:36
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
more sustainable economies.
14:38
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
So what can we do?
14:41
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
There are several strategies that have been suggested.
14:44
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
These include raising the minimum wage to ensure a
14:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
living income for all workers,
14:50
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
investing in education and training so more
14:54
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
people can access high -paying jobs,
14:56
S… Speaker 6 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
progressive taxation where the wealthiest pay a higher
15:01
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
percentage of their income in taxes,
15:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
improved access to health care and housing,
15:07
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
especially for low -income families.
15:11
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some countries have done this successfully.
15:14
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
For example,
15:15
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Norway and Finland use a mix of strong social
15:20
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
programs, fair wages,
15:22
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
and responsible tax systems to keep income
15:26
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
inequality relatively low,
15:28
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
while still maintaining successful economies.
15:31
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
In conclusion,
15:33
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
income inequality is a complex issue.
15:37
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Some level of difference is normal and can even be
15:41
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
helpful.
15:42
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
But when the gap becomes too large,
15:45
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
it creates real problems for individuals and society.
15:48
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
The good news?
15:49
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
We can do something about it by learning from what's
15:53
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
working elsewhere and making thoughtful choices about how
15:58
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
we structure our economy and support one another.
16:01
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
Thanks for listening.
16:03
S… Speaker 4 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
This is a big topic.
16:07
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
That is the end of this section.
16:09
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
You will now have 25 seconds to check your
16:13
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
answers.
16:14
S… Speaker 2 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
This
16:40
S… Speaker 1 (Q1 Sec F Income inequality)
is the end of the listening test.

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