Chernobyl: A História Completa

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[Music]
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[Music] April 26, 1986, the triplet in
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April 26, 1986, the triplet in
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April 26, 1986, the triplet in Ukraine, what happened here will
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Ukraine, what happened here will
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Ukraine, what happened here will forever be marked in the history of humanity
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forever be marked in the history of humanity
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forever be marked in the history of humanity as the most dangerous of stars, a nuclear accident,
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as the most dangerous of stars, a nuclear accident,
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this story of it
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this story of it [Applause]
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[Music]
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[Music] In 1970, the Vladimir Ilyich Lenin nuclear power plant,
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In 1970, the Vladimir Ilyich Lenin nuclear power plant,
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In 1970, the Vladimir Ilyich Lenin nuclear power plant, popularly known as
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popularly known as
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popularly known as Chernobyl, began to be built.
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Chernobyl, began to be built.
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Chernobyl, began to be built. At that time, the Soviet Union was
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At that time, the Soviet Union was
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At that time, the Soviet Union was implementing its nuclear program, and the
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implementing its nuclear program, and the
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implementing its nuclear program, and the Chernobyl plant was the ninth plant to be
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Chernobyl plant was the ninth plant to be
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Chernobyl plant was the ninth plant to be built.
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built.
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built. The first nuclear power plants were
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The first nuclear power plants were
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The first nuclear power plants were built at the end of World War II,
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built at the end of World War II,
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built at the end of World War II, but they were test and
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but they were test and
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but they were test and scientific research plants.
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scientific research plants.
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scientific research plants. They were not connected to the electrical grid,
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They were not connected to the electrical grid,
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They were not connected to the electrical grid, meaning they did not generate energy for houses,
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meaning they did not generate energy for houses,
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meaning they did not generate energy for houses, apartments, industries, or civilians.
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apartments, industries, or civilians.
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apartments, industries, or civilians. An important thing is that soon after
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An important thing is that soon after
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An important thing is that soon after World War II, the word "nuclear"
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World War II, the word "nuclear"
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World War II, the word "nuclear" brought with it the image of the
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brought with it the image of the
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brought with it the image of the atomic bombs that were used at the end of the
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atomic bombs that were used at the end of the
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atomic bombs that were used at the end of the war, and consequently, the Cold War
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war, and consequently, the Cold War
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war, and consequently, the Cold War between the United States and the
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between the United States and the
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between the United States and the Soviet Union made the fear of a possible
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Soviet Union made the fear of a possible
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Soviet Union made the fear of a possible nuclear attack a constant threat.
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nuclear attack a constant threat.
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nuclear attack a constant threat. But one thing that both sides knew was
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But one thing that both sides knew was
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But one thing that both sides knew was that nuclear energy could be used
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that nuclear energy could be used
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that nuclear energy could be used to supply energy to the
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to supply energy to the
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to supply energy to the population at the time. The Soviet Union
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population at the time. The Soviet Union
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population at the time. The Soviet Union possessed a vast territorial expanse,
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possessed a vast territorial expanse,
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possessed a vast territorial expanse, but this created a problem of
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but this created a problem of
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but this created a problem of energy demand and economic resources.
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energy demand and economic resources.
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Some areas were more affected than
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Some areas were more affected than others, and in an attempt to bring
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others, and in an attempt to bring
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others, and in an attempt to bring these resources to the areas that needed them, the
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these resources to the areas that needed them, the
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these resources to the areas that needed them, the Soviet nuclear program began in
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Soviet nuclear program began in
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Soviet nuclear program began in 1951. The first nuclear power plant connected to the
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1951. The first nuclear power plant connected to the
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1951. The first nuclear power plant connected to the world's electrical grid began
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world's electrical grid began
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world's electrical grid began construction
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construction
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construction at Berlinske. The plant was the pride of
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at Berlinske. The plant was the pride of
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at Berlinske. The plant was the pride of Soviet nuclear technology,
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Soviet nuclear technology,
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Soviet nuclear technology, promising to generate energy
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promising to generate energy
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promising to generate energy efficiently and a symbol of
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efficiently and a symbol of
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efficiently and a symbol of advanced Soviet science. It was, to say the
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advanced Soviet science. It was, to say the
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advanced Soviet science. It was, to say the least, only the first of
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least, only the first of
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least, only the first of many plants built over
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many plants built over
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many plants built over decades. Alongside it was the first of the Satom
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decades. Alongside it was the first of the Satom
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decades. Alongside it was the first of the Satom Grids, a kind of nuclear city
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Grids, a kind of nuclear city
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Grids, a kind of nuclear city built next to the plants whose
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built next to the plants whose
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built next to the plants whose purpose was to serve the nuclear power plant.
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purpose was to serve the nuclear power plant.
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purpose was to serve the nuclear power plant. These cities had firefighters,
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These cities had firefighters,
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These cities had firefighters, civilian vendors, schools, and everything you can
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civilian vendors, schools, and everything you can
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civilian vendors, schools, and everything you can imagine.
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imagine.
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imagine. And if you think they were
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And if you think they were
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And if you think they were restricted cities, know that they weren't.
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restricted cities, know that they weren't.
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restricted cities, know that they weren't. At that time, the Soviet Union did not
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At that time, the Soviet Union did not
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At that time, the Soviet Union did not consider nuclear power plants to be
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consider nuclear power plants to be
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consider nuclear power plants to be dangerous. There was even a
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dangerous. There was even a
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dangerous. There was even a propaganda slogan: "The peaceful atom," a
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propaganda slogan: "The peaceful atom," a
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propaganda slogan: "The peaceful atom," a deliberate way to change the image
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deliberate way to change the image
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deliberate way to change the image people had of nuclear energy.
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people had of nuclear energy.
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people had of nuclear energy. Click here. It was the ninth of the Satom Grids and
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Click here. It was the ninth of the Satom Grids and
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Click here. It was the ninth of the Satom Grids and the first nuclear city in Ukraine. The
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the first nuclear city in Ukraine. The
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the first nuclear city in Ukraine. The team to arrive at the neighboring city of the
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team to arrive at the neighboring city of the
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team to arrive at the neighboring city of the plant... Chernobyl, which was actually supposed to be
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plant... Chernobyl, which was actually supposed to be
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plant... Chernobyl, which was actually supposed to be built 25 kilometers
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built 25 kilometers
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built 25 kilometers from Kyiv (now the capital of Ukraine), was
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from Kyiv (now the capital of Ukraine), was
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relocated due to popular pressure and pressure from various organizations. The construction was moved to another
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relocated due to popular pressure and pressure from various organizations. The construction was moved to another area just over 100 kilometers from
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area just over 100 kilometers from
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area just over 100 kilometers from Kyiv, on the banks of the Piket River.
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Kyiv, on the banks of the Piket River.
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Kyiv, on the banks of the Piket River. The location was chosen for its abundant
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The location was chosen for its abundant
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The location was chosen for its abundant water supply, being on the
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water supply, being on the
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water supply, being on the banks of the Piket River, and also for its
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banks of the Piket River, and also for its
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banks of the Piket River, and also for its good location
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good location
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good location near a
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near a
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near a railway and a highway, thus facilitating access to the
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railway and a highway, thus facilitating access to the
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railway and a highway, thus facilitating access to the raw materials needed to keep the plant
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raw materials needed to keep the plant
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raw materials needed to keep the plant running. Piket was
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running. Piket was
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running. Piket was officially inaugurated on
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officially inaugurated on
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officially inaugurated on February 2, 1970, just three
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February 2, 1970, just three
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February 2, 1970, just three kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
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kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
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kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Even though it was a
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Even though it was a
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Even though it was a nuclear city whose sole purpose was to
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nuclear city whose sole purpose was to
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nuclear city whose sole purpose was to house the people who worked at the
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house the people who worked at the
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house the people who worked at the plant and their families,
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plant and their families,
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plant and their families, Piket is a very modern and well-designed city,
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Piket is a very modern and well-designed city,
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both in terms of infrastructure and
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both in terms of infrastructure and landscape. This makes perfect sense
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landscape. This makes perfect sense
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landscape. This makes perfect sense because Piket needed to house the 50,000
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because Piket needed to house the 50,000
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because Piket needed to house the 50,000 plant workers along with their
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plant workers along with their
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plant workers along with their families and also meet the
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families and also meet the
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families and also meet the basic needs of the population.
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basic needs of the population.
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basic needs of the population. However, convincing 50,000
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However, convincing 50,000
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However, convincing 50,000 workers to move to a
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workers to move to a
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workers to move to a remote location like Piket was a major
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remote location like Piket was a major
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remote location like Piket was a major challenge. That's
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challenge. That's
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challenge. That's why most of the
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why most of the
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why most of the workers came straight from
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workers came straight from
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workers came straight from university;
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university;
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university; because of this, the average age of the
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because of this, the average age of the
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because of this, the average age of the population was 26, making
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population was 26, making
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population was 26, making Pripyat one of the youngest cities in the
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Pripyat one of the youngest cities in the
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Pripyat one of the youngest cities in the Soviet Union. It is
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Soviet Union. It is
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Soviet Union. It is estimated that around a thousand
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estimated that around a thousand
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estimated that around a thousand babies are born in the city every year. And when I said
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babies are born in the city every year. And when I said
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babies are born in the city every year. And when I said it had an
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it had an
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it had an amazing infrastructure, it's because it really did:
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amazing infrastructure, it's because it really did:
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amazing infrastructure, it's because it really did: kindergartens,
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kindergartens,
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kindergartens, primary and secondary schools
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primary and secondary schools
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primary and secondary schools for almost 10,000 students, a hospital with a
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for almost 10,000 students, a hospital with a
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for almost 10,000 students, a hospital with a capacity for 410 patients,
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capacity for 410 patients,
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capacity for 410 patients, thirty-five parks, a cinema, a
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thirty-five parks, a cinema, a
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thirty-five parks, a cinema, a sports stadium, gyms, and many other
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sports stadium, gyms, and many other
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sports stadium, gyms, and many other things. In fact, Pripyat housed
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things. In fact, Pripyat housed
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things. In fact, Pripyat housed 49,360 people when the accident
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49,360 people when the accident
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49,360 people when the accident happened. There
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is only one thing worse than a
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is only one thing worse than a nuclear accident:
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nuclear accident:
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nuclear accident: an avoidable nuclear accident.
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an avoidable nuclear accident.
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an avoidable nuclear accident. The Chernobyl plant used a new type
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The Chernobyl plant used a new type
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The Chernobyl plant used a new type of nuclear reactor developed in the Soviet Union,
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of nuclear reactor developed in the Soviet Union,
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the RB-MK. RB-MK reactors were
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the RB-MK. RB-MK reactors were considered good at the time for several
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considered good at the time for several
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considered good at the time for several reasons:
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reasons:
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reasons: first, they were extremely cheap
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first, they were extremely cheap
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first, they were extremely cheap to build, which allowed
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to build, which allowed
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to build, which allowed them to be assembled quickly,
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them to be assembled quickly,
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them to be assembled quickly, accelerating the expansion of the Soviet nuclear program
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accelerating the expansion of the Soviet nuclear program
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accelerating the expansion of the Soviet nuclear program as a whole;
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as a whole;
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as a whole; second, they could serve not only as
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second, they could serve not only as
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second, they could serve not only as electricity generators but also
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electricity generators but also
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electricity generators but also as a power plant. Plutonium,
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as a power plant. Plutonium,
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as a power plant. Plutonium, a byproduct of the operation of one
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a byproduct of the operation of one
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a byproduct of the operation of one of these reactors,
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of these reactors,
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of these reactors, could then be used
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could then be used
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could then be used for military projects and even to make
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for military projects and even to make
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for military projects and even to make nuclear weapons, being
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nuclear weapons, being
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nuclear weapons, being financially efficient and possible to build
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financially efficient and possible to build
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financially efficient and possible to build several quickly, and also used as
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several quickly, and also used as
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several quickly, and also used as raw material for nuclear weapons. In the
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raw material for nuclear weapons. In the
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raw material for nuclear weapons. In the midst of the Cold War,
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midst of the Cold War,
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midst of the Cold War, the reactors chosen by the
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the reactors chosen by the
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the reactors chosen by the Soviet nuclear program wanted to build nuclear power plants, but they had some
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Soviet nuclear program wanted to build nuclear power plants, but they had some
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Soviet nuclear program wanted to build nuclear power plants, but they had some problems with
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problems with
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problems with large steam engines.
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large steam engines.
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large steam engines. The basic operation of a reactor is as
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The basic operation of a reactor is as
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The basic operation of a reactor is as follows: you have a reactor core
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follows: you have a reactor core
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follows: you have a reactor core composed of nuclear fuel,
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composed of nuclear fuel,
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composed of nuclear fuel, usually uranium, as in the case of
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usually uranium, as in the case of
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usually uranium, as in the case of Chernobyl. The uranium, when decayed, generates
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Chernobyl. The uranium, when decayed, generates
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Chernobyl. The uranium, when decayed, generates energy as a byproduct, and this is the
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energy as a byproduct, and this is the
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energy as a byproduct, and this is the energy we want to harness.
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energy we want to harness.
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energy we want to harness. We do this by placing a
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We do this by placing a
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We do this by placing a water pipe near the fuel.
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water pipe near the fuel.
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water pipe near the fuel. The energy released by the decay of
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The energy released by the decay of
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The energy released by the decay of uranium heats the water, which then boils
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uranium heats the water, which then boils
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uranium heats the water, which then boils and turns into steam, and this steam is
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and turns into steam, and this steam is
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and turns into steam, and this steam is channeled to a turbine, making it
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channeled to a turbine, making it
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channeled to a turbine, making it rotate. That's where
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rotate. That's where
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rotate. That's where the electrical energy is generated. You
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the electrical energy is generated. You
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the electrical energy is generated. You can then channel this steam, cool it, and
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can then channel this steam, cool it, and
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can then channel this steam, cool it, and even return it to liquid water,
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even return it to liquid water,
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even return it to liquid water, repeating the whole process. As long as the
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repeating the whole process. As long as the
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repeating the whole process. As long as the uranium in the reactor core is
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uranium in the reactor core is
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uranium in the reactor core is operating, it will continue heating
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operating, it will continue heating
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operating, it will continue heating the water, and it is this process that...
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the water, and it is this process that...
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the water, and it is this process that... We take advantage of this to generate energy with
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We take advantage of this to generate energy with
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We take advantage of this to generate energy with nuclear power plants. In essence, the
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nuclear power plants. In essence, the
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nuclear power plants. In essence, the difference between nuclear power plants and
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difference between nuclear power plants and
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difference between nuclear power plants and coal-fired power plants, for
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coal-fired power plants, for
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coal-fired power plants, for example, is that instead of burning coal
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example, is that instead of burning coal
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example, is that instead of burning coal to generate energy,
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to generate energy,
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to generate energy, you are using the decay of
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you are using the decay of
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you are using the decay of uranium atoms. But an important detail that
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uranium atoms. But an important detail that
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uranium atoms. But an important detail that makes operating a nuclear power plant much more complex
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makes operating a nuclear power plant much more complex
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makes operating a nuclear power plant much more complex is the need for a
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is the need for a
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is the need for a moderator and control ashes.
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moderator and control ashes.
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moderator and control ashes. If you want to generate electricity for
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If you want to generate electricity for
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If you want to generate electricity for 1 year,
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1 year,
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1 year, it doesn't make sense to let
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it doesn't make sense to let
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it doesn't make sense to let all the uranium from Chernobyl fall at once,
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all the uranium from Chernobyl fall at once,
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all the uranium from Chernobyl fall at once, or to make sure it never falls into
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or to make sure it never falls into
6:47
or to make sure it never falls into water, never turns into steam.
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water, never turns into steam.
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water, never turns into steam. For this, you add the moderator, which
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For this, you add the moderator, which
6:52
For this, you add the moderator, which in the case of Chernobyl was graphite. The
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in the case of Chernobyl was graphite. The
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in the case of Chernobyl was graphite. The function of the moderator is simple but
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function of the moderator is simple but
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function of the moderator is simple but extremely important: the neutrons
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extremely important: the neutrons
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extremely important: the neutrons released in the radioactive decay of
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released in the radioactive decay of
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released in the radioactive decay of uranium have very high speeds.
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uranium have very high speeds.
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uranium have very high speeds. To ensure that the chain reaction of
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To ensure that the chain reaction of
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To ensure that the chain reaction of uranium fission continues for a long
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uranium fission continues for a long
7:06
uranium fission continues for a long time,
7:07
time,
7:07
time, you need to slow down these neutrons
7:09
you need to slow down these neutrons
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you need to slow down these neutrons so they have a better chance of being
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so they have a better chance of being
7:10
so they have a better chance of being absorbed by other uranium atoms and
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absorbed by other uranium atoms and
7:13
absorbed by other uranium atoms and thus continue the chain reaction. It is
7:15
thus continue the chain reaction. It is
7:15
thus continue the chain reaction. It is important to note that the
7:17
important to note that the
7:17
important to note that the operational difference between a nuclear
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operational difference between a nuclear
7:18
operational difference between a nuclear fission bomb and a nuclear power plant is that in the
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fission bomb and a nuclear power plant is that in the
7:21
fission bomb and a nuclear power plant is that in the bomb... You want all the
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bomb... You want all the
7:22
bomb... You want all the nuclear fuel to decay quickly and release the
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nuclear fuel to decay quickly and release the
7:24
nuclear fuel to decay quickly and release the greatest amount of energy in the shortest
7:26
greatest amount of energy in the shortest
7:26
greatest amount of energy in the shortest possible time. For this, you need
7:29
possible time. For this, you need
7:29
possible time. For this, you need extremely enriched
7:31
extremely enriched
7:31
extremely enriched and pure fuel.
7:32
and pure fuel.
7:32
and pure fuel. However, in a nuclear power plant, you want
7:34
However, in a nuclear power plant, you want
7:34
However, in a nuclear power plant, you want this decay to be constant and over a long
7:36
this decay to be constant and over a long
7:36
this decay to be constant and over a long period to continue
7:38
period to continue
7:38
period to continue generating energy for as long as
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generating energy for as long as
7:40
generating energy for as long as possible.
7:41
possible.
7:41
possible. But the complex part is that
7:43
But the complex part is that
7:43
But the complex part is that uranium atoms don't come with on/
7:44
uranium atoms don't come with on/
7:44
uranium atoms don't come with on/ off switches; they will always be decaying
7:47
off switches; they will always be decaying
7:47
off switches; they will always be decaying no matter what you do. In a
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no matter what you do. In a
7:49
no matter what you do. In a nuclear reactor,
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nuclear reactor,
7:50
nuclear reactor, this can be a problem if the reaction
7:52
this can be a problem if the reaction
7:52
this can be a problem if the reaction happens faster than it should. That's why there's
7:55
happens faster than it should. That's why there's
7:55
happens faster than it should. That's why there's another component
7:56
another component
7:56
another component in the reactor: the control rods.
8:00
in the reactor: the control rods.
8:00
in the reactor: the control rods. Their function is to absorb neutrons to
8:01
Their function is to absorb neutrons to
8:01
Their function is to absorb neutrons to control the chain reactions. A
8:04
control the chain reactions. A
8:04
control the chain reactions. A nuclear reactor is a delicate dance between
8:05
nuclear reactor is a delicate dance between
8:05
nuclear reactor is a delicate dance between various components;
8:07
various components;
8:07
various components; everything has to be accounted for. If you
8:09
everything has to be accounted for. If you
8:09
everything has to be accounted for. If you lose control of the decay of
8:11
lose control of the decay of
8:11
lose control of the decay of uranium atoms,
8:12
uranium atoms,
8:12
uranium atoms, you have problems. But if all this is
8:16
you have problems. But if all this is
8:16
you have problems. But if all this is done correctly,
8:17
done correctly,
8:17
done correctly, you have a nuclear power plant that operates
8:20
you have a nuclear power plant that operates
8:20
you have a nuclear power plant that operates with a very high level of safety and a very
8:22
with a very high level of safety and a very
8:22
with a very high level of safety and a very low probability of an
8:24
low probability of an
8:24
low probability of an accident. But unfortunately, this was not the
8:27
accident. But unfortunately, this was not the
8:27
accident. But unfortunately, this was not the case with RBMC reactors; their design itself
8:30
case with RBMC reactors; their design itself
8:30
case with RBMC reactors; their design itself favored several situations that
8:32
favored several situations that
8:32
favored several situations that reduced safety.
8:33
reduced safety.
8:33
reduced safety. Reactor integrity: As we saw before,
8:36
Reactor integrity: As we saw before,
8:36
Reactor integrity: As we saw before, Soviet reactors used water to
8:38
Soviet reactors used water to
8:38
Soviet reactors used water to cool the core, but they also
8:40
cool the core, but they also
8:40
cool the core, but they also used graphite as a moderator.
8:43
used graphite as a moderator.
8:43
used graphite as a moderator. This is peculiar because water is both
8:45
This is peculiar because water is both
8:45
This is peculiar because water is both a neutron moderator and an
8:47
a neutron moderator and an
8:47
a neutron moderator and an absorber. The fact that RBMC reactors
8:50
absorber. The fact that RBMC reactors
8:50
absorber. The fact that RBMC reactors had graphite as a moderator created
8:53
had graphite as a moderator created
8:53
had graphite as a moderator created a dangerous situation:
8:55
a dangerous situation:
8:55
a dangerous situation: a positive void coefficient.
8:57
a positive void coefficient.
8:57
a positive void coefficient. Basically, every reactor that uses water
8:59
Basically, every reactor that uses water
8:59
Basically, every reactor that uses water for cooling has a quantity of
9:01
for cooling has a quantity of
9:01
for cooling has a quantity of steam inside it. One of the reasons
9:03
steam inside it. One of the reasons
9:03
steam inside it. One of the reasons this happens is because the water is
9:05
this happens is because the water is
9:05
this happens is because the water is heated and generates steam bubbles.
9:07
heated and generates steam bubbles.

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