default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153

Sep 21, 2026 21:20 · 37:59 · English · Whisper Turbo · 8 Гучні
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0:00
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is Ira Glass.
0:00
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
On This American Life,
0:02
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we tell stories about when things change.
0:04
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Like for this guy,
0:05
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
David, whose entire life took a sharp,
0:07
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
unexpected,
0:08
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and very unpleasant turn.
0:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And it did take me a while to realize it's basically because the monkey
0:14
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
pressed the button.
0:15
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That's right.
0:16
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Because the monkey pressed the button.
0:18
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Surprising stories every week,
0:21
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
wherever you get your podcasts.
0:23
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
What's good,
0:24
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
y 'all? You're listening to Code Switch.
0:26
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I'm Gene Demby.
0:27
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's the second half of September,
0:29
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which means it's the beginning of Hispanic Heritage Month.
0:32
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So Hispanic Heritage Month,
0:34
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
if you don't know, runs from September 15th to October 15th.
0:37
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And some of y 'all are like,
0:38
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
wait, why do Hispanic Heritage Month start in the middle of the month?
0:41
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And I know you want to make some CP time jokes,
0:43
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but the reason is that the 15th of September marks the anniversary
0:47
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
of independence from Spain for a whole lot of countries.
0:51
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're talking about El Salvador,
0:52
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Nicaragua,
0:53
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Honduras, Guatemala,
0:54
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and Costa Rica.
0:54
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Mexico actually declared its independence from Spain on the
0:59
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
16th.
0:59
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And then you have October 12th,
1:01
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which is Dia de la Raza,
1:02
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
or Day of the Race.
1:04
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's the day that Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean.
1:07
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And a few Latin American countries celebrated as the day
1:11
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that the Hispanicization of the Americas began.
1:14
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And I guess we're just going to leave aside the whole business with Christopher Columbus and the massacres
1:19
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and the plunder and the slaughtering and the slavery that he kind of got off.
1:21
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Whatever.
1:22
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But Hispanic,
1:23
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
as a descriptor,
1:25
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
was meant to capture people with heritages from like several dozen countries
1:29
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
with very distinct histories.
1:34
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And in surveys,
1:35
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the Pew Research Center has found over and over that most
1:39
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latinos or Hispanics primarily identify when asked by
1:43
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the countries of their familial origin.
1:45
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So someone says I'm Mexican or I'm Cuban or I'm Panamanian.
1:48
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But in terms of a big pan -ethnic label...
1:52
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Pew finds that most people prefer the term Hispanic to describe themselves.
1:56
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino is the next most popular descriptor.
1:58
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And this is just funny to me because Hispanic is a term we very rarely
2:03
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
use on code switch.
2:04
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We tend to opt for Latinx or Latinae increasingly.
2:07
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But as Pew found,
2:08
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latinx is a term that very few Hispanic people are even aware
2:12
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
of.
2:13
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
let alone use.
2:15
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They also told us that the people who tend to use the term Latinx tend
2:19
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to be younger, they tend to be female,
2:21
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they tend to be college educated,
2:22
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
so basically the exact demographic that rocks with codeswitch.
2:25
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But anyway, this notion of Hispanic identity in the United States,
2:30
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
it's a really recent invention,
2:32
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and kind of a haphazard one.
2:34
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We learned that a few years ago from Christina Mora.
2:37
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
She's a sociologist at UC Berkeley,
2:39
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and she also wrote the book Making Hispanics,
2:41
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
How Activists,
2:43
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Bureaucrats,
2:43
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and Media Created a New American.
2:45
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
In 2017,
2:47
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Christina Moore sat down with my former co -host Shireen Marisol Maragi to
2:52
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
talk about how Hispanic as a category and
2:56
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
as an identity came to be.
2:59
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Here's Shireen.
3:01
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
You argue in your book,
3:03
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Making Hispanics,
3:04
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that this Hispanic or Latino or what some are
3:08
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
now calling Latinx pan -ethnic identity in
3:12
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the U .S.
3:12
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
is actually a fairly recent phenomenon,
3:15
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
speaking of what we call ourselves.
3:17
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And I just have to say that I know people...
3:20
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I don't think these terms mean exactly the same thing,
3:22
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but they're all used to group people of the Latin American diaspora in the U .S.
3:26
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
together.
3:27
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But in the 60s,
3:28
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you write that the three largest Latin American diaspora groups,
3:31
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Mexicans,
3:32
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Puerto Ricans and Cubans,
3:34
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
lived in different parts of the U .S.
3:36
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They had different needs.
3:37
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And there was very little appetite for an umbrella category
3:41
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
back then.
3:42
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Can you tell us why they didn't want to be grouped together?
3:45
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Oh, the issue was really contentious.
3:47
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
On the one hand,
3:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you had Puerto Ricans unsure of whether an alliance with
3:52
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Mexican -Americans would mean that their issues would be swept under the rug
3:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
because Mexicans were much larger.
3:59
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Mexican -Americans were in Texas,
4:02
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
sometimes under Jim Crow restrictions or in places like California
4:07
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
where they were segregated to different schools and discriminated against.
4:15
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
about the Puerto Rican statehood question and these questions about what are
4:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the rights that they had as citizens.
4:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And at the same time,
4:22
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you had these two groups then having to contend with Cubans,
4:26
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
many of which claimed that they were white,
4:28
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
many of which saw themselves as not...
4:32
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
necessarily completely distinct from everyday Anglo -Americans
4:36
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
in Florida.
4:37
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
To the extent that they were going to make demands on the state,
4:41
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
it was to get the state to pay attention to Cuba.
4:44
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They were much less interested in making a demand based on minority rights.
4:49
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It just wasn't in their purview.
4:51
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
There was no Hispanic option,
4:53
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
right, on that 1960 decennial census?
4:55
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
No,
4:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
not at all.
4:57
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
There had been something called the Spanish...
5:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
surname count.
5:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And the Spanish surname count was a count that was only
5:04
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
done in the Southwest.
5:06
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
You would be labeled Spanish surname if your name
5:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
fell on this list that the U .S.
5:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Census Bureau had comprised of thousands of names culled
5:17
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
from the Mexico City and the San Juan phone book.
5:20
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But once again,
5:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that was only if you lived in states like Texas and California,
5:24
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
New Mexico and Colorado.
5:25
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Even though they used the San Juan...
5:28
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Phone book from San Juan,
5:29
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Puerto Rico.
5:30
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Yeah,
5:31
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I guess they wanted to catch whatever Puerto Ricans could be in L .A.
5:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
at that time or so.
5:36
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And they tried to fix that,
5:37
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
right, 10 years later.
5:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Yeah, in the 1970 count,
5:40
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
what they had was that on the long form,
5:43
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
only select households were given these forms.
5:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And there was a question that said,
5:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
are you Spanish origin?
5:50
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And there,
5:51
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
people could mark off yes and then write in whatever nationality
5:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they were.
5:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They were on the road towards creating a category that
6:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
would indicate some sort of umbrella pan -ethnic grouping
6:04
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that wasn't necessarily tied to a practice,
6:07
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
like the practice of speaking Spanish or to some objective factor
6:12
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
like what your last name was.
6:13
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But is it...
6:14
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
putting too fine a point on it to say that it was a total failure.
6:17
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The 1970 decennial census count really upset
6:22
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
what we're calling the Latinx community these days.
6:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
From the standpoint of the count,
6:27
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
sure.
6:28
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
There was a huge undercount,
6:30
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
just as there was an undercount of African -Americans and Latino
6:35
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
community and their organizations from the Mexican -American
6:39
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Legal Defense and Education Fund,
6:41
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
too.
6:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
ASPIDA and other Puerto Rican groups took to writing to U .S.
6:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
newspapers, The Wall Street Journal,
6:47
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
New York Times,
6:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Washington Post,
6:49
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
assailing the U .S.
6:50
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Census Bureau for not adequately counting them.
6:54
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
in part because they had this now one select question
6:58
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that went to only 10 % of households in the United
7:02
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
States.
7:02
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And even when it went out there,
7:04
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
it wasn't in Spanish.
7:06
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And they hadn't really mobilized a publicity campaign to actually
7:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
teach people that,
7:11
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
hey, there's this question that's about you.
7:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That's incredibly important.
7:14
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That's going to be connected to political representation in all ways
7:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that we see you.
7:20
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And then by 1980,
7:21
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the term Hispanic shows up for the first time on the census
7:25
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
form.
7:26
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And I would love for you to take us into
7:30
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the behind the scenes fights that led to that.
7:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Well, there were several.
7:36
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So the first fight is right after the 70 count,
7:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
when Latino organizations from Los Angeles to D
7:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
.C. to New York start arguing that there was a huge undercount,
7:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they get the ear,
7:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
really, of the Nixon administration.
7:51
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And one wouldn't necessarily think of Nixon as a champion of
7:55
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino rights or Latino identity,
7:57
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but Nixon was open to hearing Latino concerns.
8:02
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
in some part because Nixon had grown up in Southern California.
8:05
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
He'd grown up in a context where he knew Mexican -Americans existed,
8:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
one, and they were different.
8:12
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Their lives were different.
8:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Their experiences were different from whites.
8:17
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But also, too,
8:18
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Nixon was a savvy political campaigner.
8:20
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
In 1972,
8:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
he created the first comprehensive Latino
8:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
vote political campaigns at the presidential level that
8:29
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the country had ever seen.
8:31
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I had no idea.
8:32
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Yeah.
8:32
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Nixon had what he called amigo buses that roamed around
8:36
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the southwest,
8:37
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but also the northeast and into Florida.
8:40
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And on these amigo buses,
8:41
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
those that roamed on the east coast played salsa and cumbia,
8:45
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and those that roamed in the...
8:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
in the Southwest played mariachi.
8:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This was before the Democratic Party did anything close
8:52
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to this.
8:53
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And the Census Bureau,
8:55
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they're pressured by the Nixon administration to let in and create now
8:59
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
this new advisory board comprised of the Mexicans and the
9:03
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Puerto Ricans that were incredibly loud and also some Cuban sympathizers
9:08
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that had been big contributors to Nixon.
9:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
One of the biggest...
9:12
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
points of debate is what would this group be called?
9:15
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Some of the Spanish origin advisory members
9:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
said, hey, why not use brown?
9:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We don't fit into these white,
9:23
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
black,
9:24
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Asian categories.
9:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That's not us.
9:27
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Now,
9:27
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
if you're a demographer,
9:29
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
if you're a statistician,
9:30
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that seems like an incredible nightmare.
9:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Brown can mean Filipinos.
9:36
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Brown can be Native Americans.
9:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Brown can be South Asian Indians.
9:40
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This was a complete non -starter.
9:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It seemed like a headache more than anything.
9:45
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So they went down the list.
9:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latin American,
9:47
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
one of the problems with Latino politics is that they were seen as foreigners,
9:51
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that Latinos were seen as invaders and not inherently American.
9:55
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And that one of their jobs was to really show that they
9:59
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
were...
10:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
an American Hispanic constituency,
10:03
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that they were an American minority group,
10:05
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
like African Americans,
10:06
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
a minority that stretched from coast to coast and that were patriotic,
10:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that fought in wars,
10:11
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that contributed to American history,
10:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that built American cities.
10:15
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And so when a term like Latin American was used,
10:18
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
right away it seemed to strike discord
10:23
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
because it was seen as too foreign.
10:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino.
10:26
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
itself was closely seen as too close to Latin American and also too
10:31
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
close to the word Latin.
10:32
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Hispanic was never a term that everybody loved,
10:37
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but it was a term that got a lot of support from within
10:41
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latinos in the Nixon and later the Ford administration.
10:44
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
How did they make it stick?
10:46
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Yeah.
10:46
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So the census director literally picked up two phones.
10:50
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He called all the Latino advocacy groups that were
10:54
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
being set up in Washington,
10:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
D .C.
10:56
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
at that time.
10:57
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
What year is this?
10:58
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
1976,
10:59
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
1977.
11:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
OK.
11:01
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They picked up the phone and they called the National Council of La Raza.
11:05
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They called the Mexican -American Legal Defense and Education Fund and said,
11:08
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
help. This is the category that we have.
11:11
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Can you help us promote it?
11:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And promote it they did.
11:14
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
NCLR by itself set up town halls in places like Miami,
11:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
New York,
11:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Los Angeles,
11:20
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Chicago,
11:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
showing people the new census form and telling
11:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
them, look, we're Hispanic.
11:26
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is us.
11:28
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is our chance.
11:29
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is our category.
11:30
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The second phone the census director picked up was
11:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to Spanish language media.
11:36
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
At that time,
11:37
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the company that would later go on to be called Univision was
11:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
growing rapidly.
11:43
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
By 1980,
11:44
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they had television stations or relay stations
11:49
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
in most major U .S.
11:50
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markets.
11:51
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
They ran documentaries,
11:53
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
commercials,
11:54
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
even a day -long telethon where different performers from across
11:59
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latin America came out.
12:00
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Each of them held out the census form and says,
12:03
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
hey, remember to fill out the census.
12:04
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're Hispanic.
12:05
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
on the 1980 census.
12:07
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is important for us.
12:08
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But we spent a lot of time talking about how Mexicans,
12:12
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Puerto Ricans,
12:12
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and Cubans really wanted to be seen as distinct.
12:16
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And then,
12:17
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you know, you have this megaphone of Univision and you have these grassroots groups
12:22
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
out there saying,
12:23
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
no,
12:24
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but we're together.
12:25
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're doing this together now.
12:26
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And we're being called something you've never heard of before.
12:29
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's Hispanic.
12:30
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
How successful was that?
12:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Well, certainly there wasn't as much of an undercount in 1980
12:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
as there was in 1970.
12:40
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The number of Latinos grew exponentially.
12:44
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And years later,
12:45
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we figured out that it wasn't because people had babies.
12:47
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's just because we counted them much better.
12:49
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
All of the attention going out did bring people out to
12:53
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
fill out the forms for sure.
12:54
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
How did we get from exponential growth to me
12:59
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
saying I'm a Latina?
13:02
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Because it takes on a life of its own.
13:04
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Once the category was made,
13:06
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
everything from political groups to civic organizations to
13:10
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
every other media group that would emerge,
13:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Spanish -language media group that emerged,
13:15
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
would all use and draw on census data.
13:19
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
As soon as the census numbers came out,
13:21
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino lobby groups could then run the numbers and say,
13:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
look, this is what Latino poverty looks like.
13:28
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This is what Latino educational attainment looks like.
13:31
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And they could go up to the Department of Education,
13:34
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
for example,
13:35
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and say, Latinos are the second largest minority group.
13:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And yet,
13:39
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
look, our educational attainment.
13:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
pales that of white.
13:43
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Send money to our schools.
13:45
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We demand money for these things,
13:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
right?
13:48
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The same exact thing happened in the market.
13:51
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
As soon as the numbers came out,
13:53
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Univision releases the first Hispanic marketing manual in
13:57
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which they take figures like income.
14:01
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and they call it Hispanic buying power.
14:03
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And they take these census reports,
14:06
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and they go and they make pitches to McDonald's and Kellogg's and everybody else,
14:09
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and they start to slowly grow.
14:11
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
During the 1980s,
14:13
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino political organizations started to then demand
14:17
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
that not only should we have a Hispanic category in the census,
14:22
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
but we damn well should have it on birth certificates.
14:25
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Michigan,
14:26
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Georgia,
14:27
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Louisiana,
14:29
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they still categorize Latinos as whites,
14:31
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and there was a large political push amongst these groups,
14:35
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
with even Spanish -language media writing to them and saying,
14:38
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
look, put us down as Latinos.
14:40
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're not white.
14:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're distinct.
14:42
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're different.
14:50
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
After the break,
14:51
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
what happens when American notions of race are imposed on a place
14:56
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
where people have very different senses of themselves?
15:00
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
A lot of people were just absolutely stunned.
15:01
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We had to create a whole separate codification
15:05
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
for marking down all the nonverbal responses that we got
15:10
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to the racial question.
15:11
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Stay
15:15
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
with us.
15:27
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This message comes from Sony Pictures Classics.
15:29
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The New York Post calls Hachan Shake Your Booty a delirious gem.
15:34
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Academy Award nominee Rinko Kikuchi stars as a woman drawn back
15:38
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to Tokyo's ballroom dance scene after a tragedy.
15:41
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Only in theaters September 25th.
15:45
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
This week on Up First,
15:46
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we talk about the economy.
15:47
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Trucks,
15:48
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
trains, and tractors run on diesel,
15:50
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which is now priced at record highs,
15:52
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
with less than 50 days until the midterm elections.
15:55
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So the next six weeks are going to be intense.
15:58
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Let Up First get you through it one morning at a time with three stories
16:02
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you need to know each day.
16:03
S… Speaker 6 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Listen to Up First on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.
16:08
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
If the creation of the universe was translated into
16:12
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
music, what would it sound like?
16:14
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Ideas
16:19
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
about how to make sense of the incomprehensible.
16:22
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Most of science in general is actually intuitible.
16:27
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That's on the TED Radio Hour podcast.
16:28
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.
16:33
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
On NPR's Wildcard podcast,
16:35
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
journalist John Dickerson says you can't have belief without doubt.
16:39
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Your faith has to be sifted and sorted and knocked around
16:43
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
by doubt.
16:44
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Watch or listen to that Wildcard conversation on the NPR app,
16:48
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts.
16:50
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Stay
16:58
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
tuned for the following announcements and messages from our sponsors.
17:01
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
At Colorado State University Global,
17:04
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we've always known there's no one way to learn.
17:06
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Our programs let you work on your schedule with our unwavering support.
17:11
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Coffee shops,
17:12
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we go there.
17:13
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Weekend adventures,
17:14
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we go there.
17:15
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Early mornings,
17:16
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
late nights,
17:17
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
lunch breaks,
17:18
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
we go there.
17:19
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We bring you online degrees that meet you where you are and get you where
17:23
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you want to go.
17:24
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Your hopes,
17:25
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
your dreams,
17:26
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
your big ideas.
17:27
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We'll help you go there.
17:29
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
CSUglobal .edu.
17:31
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Have you heard that McDonald's spicy chicken McNuggets made
17:35
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
with spicy tempura and a blend of aged cayenne are back?
17:39
S… Speaker 4 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Remember to grab a few extra napkins.
17:42
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
For a limited time at participating McDonald's.
17:47
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Pelosi.
17:48
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Whether you love her.
17:49
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
One of the best speakers the House of Representatives have ever had.
17:53
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Or hate her.
17:53
S… Speaker 3 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
That crazy Nancy.
17:55
S… Speaker 1 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
She is crazy.
17:56
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
She's a force to be reckoned with.
17:58
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We're not letting anything stand in our way.
18:01
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
From KQED,
18:02
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
part of the NPR network,
18:04
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
The Speaker.
18:04
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
How Nancy Pelosi changed the face of power.
18:07
S… Speaker 7 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Find it wherever you get your podcasts.
18:09
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Gene.
18:12
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Just Gene for now.
18:13
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Code switch.
18:16
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So one of the trickiest things about thinking through Latino identity in the United States is that
18:20
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latino and Hispanic are not really racial categories.
18:24
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It exists alongside race.
18:26
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
There are black Panamanians and white Cubans who fit under this umbrella we call
18:31
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Latinos.
18:31
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's one of the things that makes getting a portrait of Latinos or Hispanics in
18:35
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the U .S.
18:36
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
on official forms like the census so complicated,
18:40
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
as Shireen might say.
18:41
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Let's take Shireen's ancestral homeland,
18:43
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Puerto Rico, for example.
18:46
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
In the 2010 census,
18:47
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
about 8 in 10 people on the island identified as
18:51
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
white alone.
18:52
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
It's like all this time you thought Puerto Rico was the Bronx when it was really Utah.
18:56
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But something really big shifted between the last census in 2010
19:00
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and the census taken last year in 2020.
19:03
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Because this time around,
19:04
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
only 17 % of the people on the island identified as white alone.
19:09
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
We don't know yet.
19:11
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
all the factors that contributed to this big change in the way people are IDing.
19:15
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But we can guess that it probably doesn't have anything to do with,
19:20
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
like, some major demographic displacement.
19:22
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Instead,
19:23
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
it's more likely a story of people just thinking differently about
19:28
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
the way they answer that census question.
19:31
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
As our former coach,
19:32
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which teammate Adrian Florito told us last year,
19:34
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
most Puerto Ricans grow up learning in school that they are of
19:38
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
mixed ancestry.
19:39
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Indigenous Tainos who lived on the island,
19:42
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
black African enslaved people brought to work on the island and white
19:46
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
European colonizers.
19:47
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
But even with that,
19:49
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
they were still overwhelmingly checking off that white box on the census,
19:52
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
you know,
19:53
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
until last year.
19:53
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
So what was going on there?
19:56
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Well,
19:57
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
before that census data came out last year.
20:00
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Adrian was trying to figure this out,
20:01
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
and so he introduced us to Yadamar Bonilla,
20:03
S… Speaker 2 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
who had been looking into this very question for a little while now.
20:07
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
Well, welcome to my world.
20:09
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I've been trying to understand race in Puerto Rico for about half
20:13
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
a decade now.
20:14
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
She's a professor at Hunter College in New York.
20:17
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
And a few years ago,
20:18
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
she did a survey in Puerto Rico,
20:20
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
as part of which she asked people a simple question,
20:24
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
a seemingly simple question,
20:25
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
which was,
20:27
S… Speaker 8 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
what is your racial identity?
20:29
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
I decided for fun,
20:31
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
instead of giving people boxes,
20:33
S… Speaker 5 (default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_f9482c2e01bbc4477f7ef1b1ff462647_36469153)
to just leave it open to see what would people say.

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